Global Car Rental Market 2024 by Company, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2030
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Car Rental market size was valued at USD million in 2023 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by 2030 with a CAGR of % during review period.
Car or vehicle rental service is relatively developed in the industrialized economies. A car rental, hire car, or car hire company provides vehicles on rent for short periods of time, generally ranging from a few hours to a few weeks. Car rental providers have a number of local branches and offices near airports, bus stops, railway station, and busy city areas. The key vendors that provide vehicle rental services mainly focus on customer's requirements, growth, innovation, and offers that attract customers and efficiency.
The impact of information technology in the industry has driven the transformation of the car rental services. The growing trend of using the Internet for customizing travel trips and online reservations & bookings is anticipated to propel the use of technology in the industry. The implementation of technology in these services makes the whole process safe, quick, reliable, and easy for consumers. In addition to this, the hassle-free process of online reservations and bookings increases convenience for both, the operators and customers.
The Global Info Research report includes an overview of the development of the Car Rental industry chain, the market status of Local Usage (Luxury Cars, Executive Cars), Airport Transport (Luxury Cars, Executive Cars), and key enterprises in developed and developing market, and analysed the cutting-edge technology, patent, hot applications and market trends of Car Rental.
Regionally, the report analyzes the Car Rental markets in key regions. North America and Europe are experiencing steady growth, driven by government initiatives and increasing consumer awareness. Asia-Pacific, particularly China, leads the global Car Rental market, with robust domestic demand, supportive policies, and a strong manufacturing base.
Key Features:
The report presents comprehensive understanding of the Car Rental market. It provides a holistic view of the industry, as well as detailed insights into individual components and stakeholders. The report analysis market dynamics, trends, challenges, and opportunities within the Car Rental industry.
The report involves analyzing the market at a macro level:
Market Sizing and Segmentation: Report collect data on the overall market size, including the revenue generated, and market share of different by Type (e.g., Luxury Cars, Executive Cars).
Industry Analysis: Report analyse the broader industry trends, such as government policies and regulations, technological advancements, consumer preferences, and market dynamics. This analysis helps in understanding the key drivers and challenges influencing the Car Rental market.
Regional Analysis: The report involves examining the Car Rental market at a regional or national level. Report analyses regional factors such as government incentives, infrastructure development, economic conditions, and consumer behaviour to identify variations and opportunities within different markets.
Market Projections: Report covers the gathered data and analysis to make future projections and forecasts for the Car Rental market. This may include estimating market growth rates, predicting market demand, and identifying emerging trends.
The report also involves a more granular approach to Car Rental:
Company Analysis: Report covers individual Car Rental players, suppliers, and other relevant industry players. This analysis includes studying their financial performance, market positioning, product portfolios, partnerships, and strategies.
Consumer Analysis: Report covers data on consumer behaviour, preferences, and attitudes towards Car Rental This may involve surveys, interviews, and analysis of consumer reviews and feedback from different by Application (Local Usage, Airport Transport).
Technology Analysis: Report covers specific technologies relevant to Car Rental. It assesses the current state, advancements, and potential future developments in Car Rental areas.
Competitive Landscape: By analyzing individual companies, suppliers, and consumers, the report present insights into the competitive landscape of the Car Rental market. This analysis helps understand market share, competitive advantages, and potential areas for differentiation among industry players.
Market Validation: The report involves validating findings and projections through primary research, such as surveys, interviews, and focus groups.
Market Segmentation
Car Rental market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2019-2030, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of value.
Market segment by Type
Chapter 1, to describe Car Rental product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top players of Car Rental, with revenue, gross margin and global market share of Car Rental from 2019 to 2024.
Chapter 3, the Car Rental competitive situation, revenue and global market share of top players are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4 and 5, to segment the market size by Type and application, with consumption value and growth rate by Type, application, from 2019 to 2030.
Chapter 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, to break the market size data at the country level, with revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2019 to 2024.and Car Rental market forecast, by regions, type and application, with consumption value, from 2025 to 2030.
Chapter 11, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 12, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Car Rental.
Chapter 13, to describe Car Rental research findings and conclusion.
Car or vehicle rental service is relatively developed in the industrialized economies. A car rental, hire car, or car hire company provides vehicles on rent for short periods of time, generally ranging from a few hours to a few weeks. Car rental providers have a number of local branches and offices near airports, bus stops, railway station, and busy city areas. The key vendors that provide vehicle rental services mainly focus on customer's requirements, growth, innovation, and offers that attract customers and efficiency.
The impact of information technology in the industry has driven the transformation of the car rental services. The growing trend of using the Internet for customizing travel trips and online reservations & bookings is anticipated to propel the use of technology in the industry. The implementation of technology in these services makes the whole process safe, quick, reliable, and easy for consumers. In addition to this, the hassle-free process of online reservations and bookings increases convenience for both, the operators and customers.
The Global Info Research report includes an overview of the development of the Car Rental industry chain, the market status of Local Usage (Luxury Cars, Executive Cars), Airport Transport (Luxury Cars, Executive Cars), and key enterprises in developed and developing market, and analysed the cutting-edge technology, patent, hot applications and market trends of Car Rental.
Regionally, the report analyzes the Car Rental markets in key regions. North America and Europe are experiencing steady growth, driven by government initiatives and increasing consumer awareness. Asia-Pacific, particularly China, leads the global Car Rental market, with robust domestic demand, supportive policies, and a strong manufacturing base.
Key Features:
The report presents comprehensive understanding of the Car Rental market. It provides a holistic view of the industry, as well as detailed insights into individual components and stakeholders. The report analysis market dynamics, trends, challenges, and opportunities within the Car Rental industry.
The report involves analyzing the market at a macro level:
Market Sizing and Segmentation: Report collect data on the overall market size, including the revenue generated, and market share of different by Type (e.g., Luxury Cars, Executive Cars).
Industry Analysis: Report analyse the broader industry trends, such as government policies and regulations, technological advancements, consumer preferences, and market dynamics. This analysis helps in understanding the key drivers and challenges influencing the Car Rental market.
Regional Analysis: The report involves examining the Car Rental market at a regional or national level. Report analyses regional factors such as government incentives, infrastructure development, economic conditions, and consumer behaviour to identify variations and opportunities within different markets.
Market Projections: Report covers the gathered data and analysis to make future projections and forecasts for the Car Rental market. This may include estimating market growth rates, predicting market demand, and identifying emerging trends.
The report also involves a more granular approach to Car Rental:
Company Analysis: Report covers individual Car Rental players, suppliers, and other relevant industry players. This analysis includes studying their financial performance, market positioning, product portfolios, partnerships, and strategies.
Consumer Analysis: Report covers data on consumer behaviour, preferences, and attitudes towards Car Rental This may involve surveys, interviews, and analysis of consumer reviews and feedback from different by Application (Local Usage, Airport Transport).
Technology Analysis: Report covers specific technologies relevant to Car Rental. It assesses the current state, advancements, and potential future developments in Car Rental areas.
Competitive Landscape: By analyzing individual companies, suppliers, and consumers, the report present insights into the competitive landscape of the Car Rental market. This analysis helps understand market share, competitive advantages, and potential areas for differentiation among industry players.
Market Validation: The report involves validating findings and projections through primary research, such as surveys, interviews, and focus groups.
Market Segmentation
Car Rental market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2019-2030, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of value.
Market segment by Type
- Luxury Cars
- Executive Cars
- Economy Cars
- SUVs
- MUVs
- Local Usage
- Airport Transport
- Outstation
- Avis Budget
- Carzonrent
- Enterprise Holding
- Europcar
- Hertz
- Sixt
- North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
- Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
- Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Australia and Rest of Asia-Pacific)
- South America (Brazil, Argentina and Rest of South America)
- Middle East & Africa (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Rest of Middle East & Africa)
Chapter 1, to describe Car Rental product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top players of Car Rental, with revenue, gross margin and global market share of Car Rental from 2019 to 2024.
Chapter 3, the Car Rental competitive situation, revenue and global market share of top players are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4 and 5, to segment the market size by Type and application, with consumption value and growth rate by Type, application, from 2019 to 2030.
Chapter 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, to break the market size data at the country level, with revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2019 to 2024.and Car Rental market forecast, by regions, type and application, with consumption value, from 2025 to 2030.
Chapter 11, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 12, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Car Rental.
Chapter 13, to describe Car Rental research findings and conclusion.
1 MARKET OVERVIEW
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Car Rental
1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
1.3 Classification of Car Rental by Type
1.3.1 Overview: Global Car Rental Market Size by Type: 2019 Versus 2023 Versus 2030
1.3.2 Global Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Type in 2023
1.3.3 Luxury Cars
1.3.4 Executive Cars
1.3.5 Economy Cars
1.3.6 SUVs
1.3.7 MUVs
1.4 Global Car Rental Market by Application
1.4.1 Overview: Global Car Rental Market Size by Application: 2019 Versus 2023 Versus 2030
1.4.2 Local Usage
1.4.3 Airport Transport
1.4.4 Outstation
1.5 Global Car Rental Market Size & Forecast
1.6 Global Car Rental Market Size and Forecast by Region
1.6.1 Global Car Rental Market Size by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
1.6.2 Global Car Rental Market Size by Region, (2019-2030)
1.6.3 North America Car Rental Market Size and Prospect (2019-2030)
1.6.4 Europe Car Rental Market Size and Prospect (2019-2030)
1.6.5 Asia-Pacific Car Rental Market Size and Prospect (2019-2030)
1.6.6 South America Car Rental Market Size and Prospect (2019-2030)
1.6.7 Middle East and Africa Car Rental Market Size and Prospect (2019-2030)
2 COMPANY PROFILES
2.1 Avis Budget
2.1.1 Avis Budget Details
2.1.2 Avis Budget Major Business
2.1.3 Avis Budget Car Rental Product and Solutions
2.1.4 Avis Budget Car Rental Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.1.5 Avis Budget Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.2 Carzonrent
2.2.1 Carzonrent Details
2.2.2 Carzonrent Major Business
2.2.3 Carzonrent Car Rental Product and Solutions
2.2.4 Carzonrent Car Rental Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.2.5 Carzonrent Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.3 Enterprise Holding
2.3.1 Enterprise Holding Details
2.3.2 Enterprise Holding Major Business
2.3.3 Enterprise Holding Car Rental Product and Solutions
2.3.4 Enterprise Holding Car Rental Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.3.5 Enterprise Holding Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.4 Europcar
2.4.1 Europcar Details
2.4.2 Europcar Major Business
2.4.3 Europcar Car Rental Product and Solutions
2.4.4 Europcar Car Rental Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.4.5 Europcar Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.5 Hertz
2.5.1 Hertz Details
2.5.2 Hertz Major Business
2.5.3 Hertz Car Rental Product and Solutions
2.5.4 Hertz Car Rental Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.5.5 Hertz Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.6 Sixt
2.6.1 Sixt Details
2.6.2 Sixt Major Business
2.6.3 Sixt Car Rental Product and Solutions
2.6.4 Sixt Car Rental Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.6.5 Sixt Recent Developments and Future Plans
3 MARKET COMPETITION, BY PLAYERS
3.1 Global Car Rental Revenue and Share by Players (2019-2024)
3.2 Market Share Analysis (2023)
3.2.1 Market Share of Car Rental by Company Revenue
3.2.2 Top 3 Car Rental Players Market Share in 2023
3.2.3 Top 6 Car Rental Players Market Share in 2023
3.3 Car Rental Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
3.3.1 Car Rental Market: Region Footprint
3.3.2 Car Rental Market: Company Product Type Footprint
3.3.3 Car Rental Market: Company Product Application Footprint
3.4 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
3.5 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 MARKET SIZE SEGMENT BY TYPE
4.1 Global Car Rental Consumption Value and Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
4.2 Global Car Rental Market Forecast by Type (2025-2030)
5 MARKET SIZE SEGMENT BY APPLICATION
5.1 Global Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
5.2 Global Car Rental Market Forecast by Application (2025-2030)
6 NORTH AMERICA
6.1 North America Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2030)
6.2 North America Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 North America Car Rental Market Size by Country
6.3.1 North America Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
6.3.2 United States Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
6.3.3 Canada Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
6.3.4 Mexico Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
7 EUROPE
7.1 Europe Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2030)
7.2 Europe Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2030)
7.3 Europe Car Rental Market Size by Country
7.3.1 Europe Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
7.3.2 Germany Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
7.3.3 France Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
7.3.4 United Kingdom Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
7.3.5 Russia Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
7.3.6 Italy Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8 ASIA-PACIFIC
8.1 Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2030)
8.2 Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2030)
8.3 Asia-Pacific Car Rental Market Size by Region
8.3.1 Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value by Region (2019-2030)
8.3.2 China Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8.3.3 Japan Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8.3.4 South Korea Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8.3.5 India Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8.3.6 Southeast Asia Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8.3.7 Australia Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
9 SOUTH AMERICA
9.1 South America Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2030)
9.2 South America Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2030)
9.3 South America Car Rental Market Size by Country
9.3.1 South America Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
9.3.2 Brazil Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
9.3.3 Argentina Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
10 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
10.1 Middle East & Africa Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2030)
10.2 Middle East & Africa Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2030)
10.3 Middle East & Africa Car Rental Market Size by Country
10.3.1 Middle East & Africa Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
10.3.2 Turkey Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
10.3.3 Saudi Arabia Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
10.3.4 UAE Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
11 MARKET DYNAMICS
11.1 Car Rental Market Drivers
11.2 Car Rental Market Restraints
11.3 Car Rental Trends Analysis
11.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
11.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
11.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
11.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
11.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
11.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
12 INDUSTRY CHAIN ANALYSIS
12.1 Car Rental Industry Chain
12.2 Car Rental Upstream Analysis
12.3 Car Rental Midstream Analysis
12.4 Car Rental Downstream Analysis
13 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION
14 APPENDIX
14.1 Methodology
14.2 Research Process and Data Source
14.3 Disclaimer
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Car Rental
1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
1.3 Classification of Car Rental by Type
1.3.1 Overview: Global Car Rental Market Size by Type: 2019 Versus 2023 Versus 2030
1.3.2 Global Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Type in 2023
1.3.3 Luxury Cars
1.3.4 Executive Cars
1.3.5 Economy Cars
1.3.6 SUVs
1.3.7 MUVs
1.4 Global Car Rental Market by Application
1.4.1 Overview: Global Car Rental Market Size by Application: 2019 Versus 2023 Versus 2030
1.4.2 Local Usage
1.4.3 Airport Transport
1.4.4 Outstation
1.5 Global Car Rental Market Size & Forecast
1.6 Global Car Rental Market Size and Forecast by Region
1.6.1 Global Car Rental Market Size by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
1.6.2 Global Car Rental Market Size by Region, (2019-2030)
1.6.3 North America Car Rental Market Size and Prospect (2019-2030)
1.6.4 Europe Car Rental Market Size and Prospect (2019-2030)
1.6.5 Asia-Pacific Car Rental Market Size and Prospect (2019-2030)
1.6.6 South America Car Rental Market Size and Prospect (2019-2030)
1.6.7 Middle East and Africa Car Rental Market Size and Prospect (2019-2030)
2 COMPANY PROFILES
2.1 Avis Budget
2.1.1 Avis Budget Details
2.1.2 Avis Budget Major Business
2.1.3 Avis Budget Car Rental Product and Solutions
2.1.4 Avis Budget Car Rental Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.1.5 Avis Budget Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.2 Carzonrent
2.2.1 Carzonrent Details
2.2.2 Carzonrent Major Business
2.2.3 Carzonrent Car Rental Product and Solutions
2.2.4 Carzonrent Car Rental Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.2.5 Carzonrent Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.3 Enterprise Holding
2.3.1 Enterprise Holding Details
2.3.2 Enterprise Holding Major Business
2.3.3 Enterprise Holding Car Rental Product and Solutions
2.3.4 Enterprise Holding Car Rental Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.3.5 Enterprise Holding Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.4 Europcar
2.4.1 Europcar Details
2.4.2 Europcar Major Business
2.4.3 Europcar Car Rental Product and Solutions
2.4.4 Europcar Car Rental Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.4.5 Europcar Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.5 Hertz
2.5.1 Hertz Details
2.5.2 Hertz Major Business
2.5.3 Hertz Car Rental Product and Solutions
2.5.4 Hertz Car Rental Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.5.5 Hertz Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.6 Sixt
2.6.1 Sixt Details
2.6.2 Sixt Major Business
2.6.3 Sixt Car Rental Product and Solutions
2.6.4 Sixt Car Rental Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
2.6.5 Sixt Recent Developments and Future Plans
3 MARKET COMPETITION, BY PLAYERS
3.1 Global Car Rental Revenue and Share by Players (2019-2024)
3.2 Market Share Analysis (2023)
3.2.1 Market Share of Car Rental by Company Revenue
3.2.2 Top 3 Car Rental Players Market Share in 2023
3.2.3 Top 6 Car Rental Players Market Share in 2023
3.3 Car Rental Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
3.3.1 Car Rental Market: Region Footprint
3.3.2 Car Rental Market: Company Product Type Footprint
3.3.3 Car Rental Market: Company Product Application Footprint
3.4 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
3.5 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 MARKET SIZE SEGMENT BY TYPE
4.1 Global Car Rental Consumption Value and Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
4.2 Global Car Rental Market Forecast by Type (2025-2030)
5 MARKET SIZE SEGMENT BY APPLICATION
5.1 Global Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
5.2 Global Car Rental Market Forecast by Application (2025-2030)
6 NORTH AMERICA
6.1 North America Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2030)
6.2 North America Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 North America Car Rental Market Size by Country
6.3.1 North America Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
6.3.2 United States Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
6.3.3 Canada Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
6.3.4 Mexico Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
7 EUROPE
7.1 Europe Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2030)
7.2 Europe Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2030)
7.3 Europe Car Rental Market Size by Country
7.3.1 Europe Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
7.3.2 Germany Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
7.3.3 France Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
7.3.4 United Kingdom Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
7.3.5 Russia Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
7.3.6 Italy Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8 ASIA-PACIFIC
8.1 Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2030)
8.2 Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2030)
8.3 Asia-Pacific Car Rental Market Size by Region
8.3.1 Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value by Region (2019-2030)
8.3.2 China Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8.3.3 Japan Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8.3.4 South Korea Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8.3.5 India Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8.3.6 Southeast Asia Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8.3.7 Australia Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
9 SOUTH AMERICA
9.1 South America Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2030)
9.2 South America Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2030)
9.3 South America Car Rental Market Size by Country
9.3.1 South America Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
9.3.2 Brazil Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
9.3.3 Argentina Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
10 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
10.1 Middle East & Africa Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2030)
10.2 Middle East & Africa Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2030)
10.3 Middle East & Africa Car Rental Market Size by Country
10.3.1 Middle East & Africa Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
10.3.2 Turkey Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
10.3.3 Saudi Arabia Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
10.3.4 UAE Car Rental Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
11 MARKET DYNAMICS
11.1 Car Rental Market Drivers
11.2 Car Rental Market Restraints
11.3 Car Rental Trends Analysis
11.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
11.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
11.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
11.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
11.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
11.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
12 INDUSTRY CHAIN ANALYSIS
12.1 Car Rental Industry Chain
12.2 Car Rental Upstream Analysis
12.3 Car Rental Midstream Analysis
12.4 Car Rental Downstream Analysis
13 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION
14 APPENDIX
14.1 Methodology
14.2 Research Process and Data Source
14.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Global Car Rental Consumption Value by Type, (USD Million), 2019 & 2023 & 2030
Table 2. Global Car Rental Consumption Value by Application, (USD Million), 2019 & 2023 & 2030
Table 3. Global Car Rental Consumption Value by Region (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 4. Global Car Rental Consumption Value by Region (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 5. Avis Budget Company Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 6. Avis Budget Major Business
Table 7. Avis Budget Car Rental Product and Solutions
Table 8. Avis Budget Car Rental Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
Table 9. Avis Budget Recent Developments and Future Plans
Table 10. Carzonrent Company Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 11. Carzonrent Major Business
Table 12. Carzonrent Car Rental Product and Solutions
Table 13. Carzonrent Car Rental Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
Table 14. Carzonrent Recent Developments and Future Plans
Table 15. Enterprise Holding Company Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 16. Enterprise Holding Major Business
Table 17. Enterprise Holding Car Rental Product and Solutions
Table 18. Enterprise Holding Car Rental Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
Table 19. Enterprise Holding Recent Developments and Future Plans
Table 20. Europcar Company Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 21. Europcar Major Business
Table 22. Europcar Car Rental Product and Solutions
Table 23. Europcar Car Rental Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
Table 24. Europcar Recent Developments and Future Plans
Table 25. Hertz Company Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 26. Hertz Major Business
Table 27. Hertz Car Rental Product and Solutions
Table 28. Hertz Car Rental Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
Table 29. Hertz Recent Developments and Future Plans
Table 30. Sixt Company Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 31. Sixt Major Business
Table 32. Sixt Car Rental Product and Solutions
Table 33. Sixt Car Rental Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
Table 34. Sixt Recent Developments and Future Plans
Table 35. Global Car Rental Revenue (USD Million) by Players (2019-2024)
Table 36. Global Car Rental Revenue Share by Players (2019-2024)
Table 37. Breakdown of Car Rental by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
Table 38. Market Position of Players in Car Rental, (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3), Based on Revenue in 2023
Table 39. Head Office of Key Car Rental Players
Table 40. Car Rental Market: Company Product Type Footprint
Table 41. Car Rental Market: Company Product Application Footprint
Table 42. Car Rental New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
Table 43. Car Rental Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
Table 44. Global Car Rental Consumption Value (USD Million) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global Car Rental Consumption Value Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 46. Global Car Rental Consumption Value Forecast by Type (2025-2030)
Table 47. Global Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2024)
Table 48. Global Car Rental Consumption Value Forecast by Application (2025-2030)
Table 49. North America Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 50. North America Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 51. North America Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 52. North America Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 53. North America Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 54. North America Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 55. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 56. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 57. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 58. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 59. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 60. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 61. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 62. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 63. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 64. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 65. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value by Region (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 66. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value by Region (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 67. South America Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 68. South America Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 69. South America Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 70. South America Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 71. South America Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 72. South America Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 73. Middle East & Africa Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 74. Middle East & Africa Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 75. Middle East & Africa Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 76. Middle East & Africa Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 77. Middle East & Africa Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 78. Middle East & Africa Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 79. Car Rental Raw Material
Table 80. Key Suppliers of Car Rental Raw Materials
Table 1. Global Car Rental Consumption Value by Type, (USD Million), 2019 & 2023 & 2030
Table 2. Global Car Rental Consumption Value by Application, (USD Million), 2019 & 2023 & 2030
Table 3. Global Car Rental Consumption Value by Region (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 4. Global Car Rental Consumption Value by Region (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 5. Avis Budget Company Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 6. Avis Budget Major Business
Table 7. Avis Budget Car Rental Product and Solutions
Table 8. Avis Budget Car Rental Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
Table 9. Avis Budget Recent Developments and Future Plans
Table 10. Carzonrent Company Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 11. Carzonrent Major Business
Table 12. Carzonrent Car Rental Product and Solutions
Table 13. Carzonrent Car Rental Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
Table 14. Carzonrent Recent Developments and Future Plans
Table 15. Enterprise Holding Company Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 16. Enterprise Holding Major Business
Table 17. Enterprise Holding Car Rental Product and Solutions
Table 18. Enterprise Holding Car Rental Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
Table 19. Enterprise Holding Recent Developments and Future Plans
Table 20. Europcar Company Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 21. Europcar Major Business
Table 22. Europcar Car Rental Product and Solutions
Table 23. Europcar Car Rental Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
Table 24. Europcar Recent Developments and Future Plans
Table 25. Hertz Company Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 26. Hertz Major Business
Table 27. Hertz Car Rental Product and Solutions
Table 28. Hertz Car Rental Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
Table 29. Hertz Recent Developments and Future Plans
Table 30. Sixt Company Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 31. Sixt Major Business
Table 32. Sixt Car Rental Product and Solutions
Table 33. Sixt Car Rental Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
Table 34. Sixt Recent Developments and Future Plans
Table 35. Global Car Rental Revenue (USD Million) by Players (2019-2024)
Table 36. Global Car Rental Revenue Share by Players (2019-2024)
Table 37. Breakdown of Car Rental by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
Table 38. Market Position of Players in Car Rental, (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3), Based on Revenue in 2023
Table 39. Head Office of Key Car Rental Players
Table 40. Car Rental Market: Company Product Type Footprint
Table 41. Car Rental Market: Company Product Application Footprint
Table 42. Car Rental New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
Table 43. Car Rental Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
Table 44. Global Car Rental Consumption Value (USD Million) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global Car Rental Consumption Value Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 46. Global Car Rental Consumption Value Forecast by Type (2025-2030)
Table 47. Global Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2024)
Table 48. Global Car Rental Consumption Value Forecast by Application (2025-2030)
Table 49. North America Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 50. North America Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 51. North America Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 52. North America Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 53. North America Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 54. North America Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 55. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 56. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 57. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 58. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 59. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 60. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 61. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 62. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 63. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 64. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 65. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value by Region (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 66. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value by Region (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 67. South America Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 68. South America Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 69. South America Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 70. South America Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 71. South America Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 72. South America Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 73. Middle East & Africa Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 74. Middle East & Africa Car Rental Consumption Value by Type (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 75. Middle East & Africa Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 76. Middle East & Africa Car Rental Consumption Value by Application (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 77. Middle East & Africa Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2019-2024) & (USD Million)
Table 78. Middle East & Africa Car Rental Consumption Value by Country (2025-2030) & (USD Million)
Table 79. Car Rental Raw Material
Table 80. Key Suppliers of Car Rental Raw Materials
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Car Rental Picture
Figure 2. Global Car Rental Consumption Value by Type, (USD Million), 2019 & 2023 & 2030
Figure 3. Global Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Type in 2023
Figure 4. Luxury Cars
Figure 5. Executive Cars
Figure 6. Economy Cars
Figure 7. SUVs
Figure 8. MUVs
Figure 9. Global Car Rental Consumption Value by Type, (USD Million), 2019 & 2023 & 2030
Figure 10. Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Application in 2023
Figure 11. Local Usage Picture
Figure 12. Airport Transport Picture
Figure 13. Outstation Picture
Figure 14. Global Car Rental Consumption Value, (USD Million): 2019 & 2023 & 2030
Figure 15. Global Car Rental Consumption Value and Forecast (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 16. Global Market Car Rental Consumption Value (USD Million) Comparison by Region (2019 & 2023 & 2030)
Figure 17. Global Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 18. Global Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Region in 2023
Figure 19. North America Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 20. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 21. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 22. South America Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 23. Middle East and Africa Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 24. Global Car Rental Revenue Share by Players in 2023
Figure 25. Car Rental Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) in 2023
Figure 26. Global Top 3 Players Car Rental Market Share in 2023
Figure 27. Global Top 6 Players Car Rental Market Share in 2023
Figure 28. Global Car Rental Consumption Value Share by Type (2019-2024)
Figure 29. Global Car Rental Market Share Forecast by Type (2025-2030)
Figure 30. Global Car Rental Consumption Value Share by Application (2019-2024)
Figure 31. Global Car Rental Market Share Forecast by Application (2025-2030)
Figure 32. North America Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 33. North America Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 34. North America Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 35. United States Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 36. Canada Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 37. Mexico Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 38. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 39. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 40. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 41. Germany Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 42. France Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 43. United Kingdom Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 44. Russia Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 45. Italy Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 46. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 47. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 48. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 49. China Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 50. Japan Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 51. South Korea Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 52. India Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 53. Southeast Asia Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 54. Australia Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 55. South America Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 56. South America Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 57. South America Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 58. Brazil Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 59. Argentina Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 60. Middle East and Africa Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 61. Middle East and Africa Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 62. Middle East and Africa Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 63. Turkey Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 64. Saudi Arabia Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 65. UAE Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 66. Car Rental Market Drivers
Figure 67. Car Rental Market Restraints
Figure 68. Car Rental Market Trends
Figure 69. Porters Five Forces Analysis
Figure 70. Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Car Rental in 2023
Figure 71. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Car Rental
Figure 72. Car Rental Industrial Chain
Figure 73. Methodology
Figure 74. Research Process and Data Source
Figure 1. Car Rental Picture
Figure 2. Global Car Rental Consumption Value by Type, (USD Million), 2019 & 2023 & 2030
Figure 3. Global Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Type in 2023
Figure 4. Luxury Cars
Figure 5. Executive Cars
Figure 6. Economy Cars
Figure 7. SUVs
Figure 8. MUVs
Figure 9. Global Car Rental Consumption Value by Type, (USD Million), 2019 & 2023 & 2030
Figure 10. Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Application in 2023
Figure 11. Local Usage Picture
Figure 12. Airport Transport Picture
Figure 13. Outstation Picture
Figure 14. Global Car Rental Consumption Value, (USD Million): 2019 & 2023 & 2030
Figure 15. Global Car Rental Consumption Value and Forecast (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 16. Global Market Car Rental Consumption Value (USD Million) Comparison by Region (2019 & 2023 & 2030)
Figure 17. Global Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 18. Global Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Region in 2023
Figure 19. North America Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 20. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 21. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 22. South America Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 23. Middle East and Africa Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 24. Global Car Rental Revenue Share by Players in 2023
Figure 25. Car Rental Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) in 2023
Figure 26. Global Top 3 Players Car Rental Market Share in 2023
Figure 27. Global Top 6 Players Car Rental Market Share in 2023
Figure 28. Global Car Rental Consumption Value Share by Type (2019-2024)
Figure 29. Global Car Rental Market Share Forecast by Type (2025-2030)
Figure 30. Global Car Rental Consumption Value Share by Application (2019-2024)
Figure 31. Global Car Rental Market Share Forecast by Application (2025-2030)
Figure 32. North America Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 33. North America Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 34. North America Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 35. United States Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 36. Canada Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 37. Mexico Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 38. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 39. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 40. Europe Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 41. Germany Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 42. France Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 43. United Kingdom Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 44. Russia Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 45. Italy Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 46. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 47. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 48. Asia-Pacific Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 49. China Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 50. Japan Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 51. South Korea Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 52. India Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 53. Southeast Asia Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 54. Australia Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 55. South America Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 56. South America Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 57. South America Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 58. Brazil Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 59. Argentina Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 60. Middle East and Africa Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 61. Middle East and Africa Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 62. Middle East and Africa Car Rental Consumption Value Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 63. Turkey Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 64. Saudi Arabia Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 65. UAE Car Rental Consumption Value (2019-2030) & (USD Million)
Figure 66. Car Rental Market Drivers
Figure 67. Car Rental Market Restraints
Figure 68. Car Rental Market Trends
Figure 69. Porters Five Forces Analysis
Figure 70. Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Car Rental in 2023
Figure 71. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Car Rental
Figure 72. Car Rental Industrial Chain
Figure 73. Methodology
Figure 74. Research Process and Data Source
