Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Growth (Status and Outlook) 2026-2032

July 2026 | 80 pages | ID: G74904BDEE42EN
LP Information

Abstracts

The global 3D Printed Battery Technology market size is predicted to grow from US$ million in 2025 to US$ million in 2032; it is expected to grow at a CAGR of %from 2026 to 2032.

3D printed battery technology involves the use of additive manufacturing techniques to fabricate custom-designed batteries with complex geometries and enhanced performance characteristics. This innovative approach allows for the precise deposition of battery materials layer by layer, enabling the creation of intricate electrode structures and customized designs tailored to specific applications. By leveraging 3D printing, researchers and engineers can explore novel battery architectures, optimize electrode compositions, and improve energy density, power output, and overall efficiency. Furthermore, 3D printed batteries offer the potential for rapid prototyping, cost-effective production, and scalability, making them promising candidates for a wide range of applications, including wearable electronics, medical devices, and energy storage systems for electric vehicles and renewable energy integration.

This report presents a comprehensive overview, market shares, and growth opportunities of 3D Printed Battery Technology market by product type, application, key players and key regions and countries.

Segmentation by Type:

• Lithium Ion Battery
• Sodium Ion Battery
• Others

Segmentation by Application:

• E-mobility
• Energy Storage
• Wearable Device
• Implantable Medical Devices
• Others

This report also splits the market by region:

• United States
• China%li%
• Europe
• Other regions
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• Rest of world

The report also presents the market competition landscape and a corresponding detailed analysis of the major players in the market. The key players covered in this report:

• Saku?
• Blackstone Technology
• Photocentric
• TOPE Digital Manufacturing Technology
• 6K Energy

Contents

1 SCOPE OF THE REPORT

1.1 Market Introduction
1.2 Years Considered
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Market Research Methodology
1.5 Research Process and Data Source
1.6 Economic Indicators
1.7 Currency Considered
1.8 Market Estimation Caveats

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2.1 World Market Overview
  2.1.1 Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size (2021-2032)
  2.1.2 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size CAGR by Region (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
  2.1.3 World Current & Future Analysis for 3D Printed Battery Technology by Country/Region (2021, 2025 & 2032)
2.2 3D Printed Battery Technology Segment by Type
  2.2.1 Lithium Ion Battery
  2.2.2 Sodium Ion Battery
  2.2.3 Others
  2.2.4 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Type
    2.2.4.1 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size CAGR by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
    2.2.4.2 Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
2.3 3D Printed Battery Technology Segment by Application
  2.3.1 E-mobility
  2.3.2 Energy Storage
  2.3.3 Wearable Device
  2.3.4 Implantable Medical Devices
  2.3.5 Others
  2.3.6 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Application
    2.3.6.1 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size CAGR by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
    2.3.6.2 Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Application (2021-2026)

3 3D PRINTED BATTERY TECHNOLOGY MARKET SIZE BY PLAYER

3.1 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Player
  3.1.1 Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Revenue by Player (2021-2026)
  3.1.2 Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Revenue Market Share by Player (2021-2026)
3.2 Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Key Players Head office and Products Offered
3.3 Market Concentration Rate Analysis
  3.3.1 Competition Landscape Analysis
  3.3.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2024-2026)
3.4 New Products and Potential Entrants
3.5 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

4 3D PRINTED BATTERY TECHNOLOGY BY REGION

4.1 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Region (2021-2026)
4.2 Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Annual Revenue by Country/Region (2021-2026)
4.3 Americas 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth (2021-2026)
4.4 APAC 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth (2021-2026)
4.5 Europe 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth (2021-2026)
4.6 Middle East & Africa 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth (2021-2026)

5 AMERICAS

5.1 Americas 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
5.2 Americas 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Type (2021-2026)
5.3 Americas 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Application (2021-2026)
5.4 United States
5.5 Canada
5.6 Mexico
5.7 Brazil

6 APAC

6.1 APAC 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Region (2021-2026)
6.2 APAC 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Type (2021-2026)
6.3 APAC 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Application (2021-2026)
6.4 China
6.5 Japan
6.6 South Korea
6.7 Southeast Asia
6.8 India
6.9 Australia

7 EUROPE

7.1 Europe 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
7.2 Europe 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Type (2021-2026)
7.3 Europe 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Application (2021-2026)
7.4 Germany
7.5 France
7.6 UK
7.7 Italy
7.8 Russia

8 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA

8.1 Middle East & Africa 3D Printed Battery Technology by Region (2021-2026)
8.2 Middle East & Africa 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Type (2021-2026)
8.3 Middle East & Africa 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Application (2021-2026)
8.4 Egypt
8.5 South Africa
8.6 Israel
8.7 Turkey
8.8 GCC Countries

9 MARKET DRIVERS, CHALLENGES AND TRENDS

9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities
9.2 Market Challenges & Risks
9.3 Industry Trends

10 GLOBAL 3D PRINTED BATTERY TECHNOLOGY MARKET FORECAST

10.1 Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
  10.1.1 Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
  10.1.2 Americas 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
  10.1.3 APAC 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
  10.1.4 Europe 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
  10.1.5 Middle East & Africa 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
10.2 Americas 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
  10.2.1 United States Market 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
  10.2.2 Canada Market 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
  10.2.3 Mexico Market 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
  10.2.4 Brazil Market 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
10.3 APAC 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
  10.3.1 China 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Forecast
  10.3.2 Japan Market 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
  10.3.3 Korea Market 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
  10.3.4 Southeast Asia Market 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
  10.3.5 India Market 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
  10.3.6 Australia Market 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
10.4 Europe 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
  10.4.1 Germany Market 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
  10.4.2 France Market 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
  10.4.3 UK Market 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
  10.4.4 Italy Market 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
  10.4.5 Russia Market 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
10.5 Middle East & Africa 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
  10.5.1 Egypt Market 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
  10.5.2 South Africa Market 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
  10.5.3 Israel Market 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
  10.5.4 Turkey Market 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast
10.6 Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast by Type (2027-2032)
10.7 Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast by Application (2027-2032)
  10.7.1 GCC Countries Market 3D Printed Battery Technology Forecast

11 KEY PLAYERS ANALYSIS

11.1 Saku?
  11.1.1 Saku? Company Information
  11.1.2 Saku? 3D Printed Battery Technology Product Offered
  11.1.3 Saku? 3D Printed Battery Technology Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
  11.1.4 Saku? Main Business Overview
  11.1.5 Saku? Latest Developments
11.2 Blackstone Technology
  11.2.1 Blackstone Technology Company Information
  11.2.2 Blackstone Technology 3D Printed Battery Technology Product Offered
  11.2.3 Blackstone Technology 3D Printed Battery Technology Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
  11.2.4 Blackstone Technology Main Business Overview
  11.2.5 Blackstone Technology Latest Developments
11.3 Photocentric
  11.3.1 Photocentric Company Information
  11.3.2 Photocentric 3D Printed Battery Technology Product Offered
  11.3.3 Photocentric 3D Printed Battery Technology Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
  11.3.4 Photocentric Main Business Overview
  11.3.5 Photocentric Latest Developments
11.4 TOPE Digital Manufacturing Technology
  11.4.1 TOPE Digital Manufacturing Technology Company Information
  11.4.2 TOPE Digital Manufacturing Technology 3D Printed Battery Technology Product Offered
  11.4.3 TOPE Digital Manufacturing Technology 3D Printed Battery Technology Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
  11.4.4 TOPE Digital Manufacturing Technology Main Business Overview
  11.4.5 TOPE Digital Manufacturing Technology Latest Developments
11.5 6K Energy
  11.5.1 6K Energy Company Information
  11.5.2 6K Energy 3D Printed Battery Technology Product Offered
  11.5.3 6K Energy 3D Printed Battery Technology Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
  11.5.4 6K Energy Main Business Overview
  11.5.5 6K Energy Latest Developments

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size CAGR by Region (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & ($ millions)
Table 2. 3D Printed Battery Technology Annual Sales CAGR by Country/Region (2021, 2025 & 2032) & ($ millions)
Table 3. Major Players of Lithium Ion Battery
Table 4. Major Players of Sodium Ion Battery
Table 5. Major Players of Others
Table 6. 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size CAGR by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & ($ millions)
Table 7. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Type (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 8. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
Table 9. 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size CAGR by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & ($ millions)
Table 10. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Application (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 11. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
Table 12. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Revenue by Player (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 13. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Revenue Market Share by Player (2021-2026)
Table 14. 3D Printed Battery Technology Key Players Head office and Products Offered
Table 15. 3D Printed Battery Technology Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2024-2026)
Table 16. New Products and Potential Entrants
Table 17. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 18. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Region (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 19. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Region (2021-2026)
Table 20. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Revenue by Country/Region (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 21. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Revenue Market Share by Country/Region (2021-2026)
Table 22. Americas 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Country (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 23. Americas 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Country (2021-2026)
Table 24. Americas 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Type (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 25. Americas 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
Table 26. Americas 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Application (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 27. Americas 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
Table 28. APAC 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Region (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 29. APAC 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Region (2021-2026)
Table 30. APAC 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Type (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 31. APAC 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Application (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 32. Europe 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Country (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 33. Europe 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Country (2021-2026)
Table 34. Europe 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Type (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 35. Europe 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Application (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 36. Middle East & Africa 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Region (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 37. Middle East & Africa 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Type (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 38. Middle East & Africa 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size by Application (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 39. Key Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities of 3D Printed Battery Technology
Table 40. Key Market Challenges & Risks of 3D Printed Battery Technology
Table 41. Key Industry Trends of 3D Printed Battery Technology
Table 42. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Forecast by Region (2027-2032) & ($ millions)
Table 43. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
Table 44. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Forecast by Type (2027-2032) & ($ millions)
Table 45. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Forecast by Application (2027-2032) & ($ millions)
Table 46. Saku? Details, Company Type, 3D Printed Battery Technology Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 47. Saku? 3D Printed Battery Technology Product Offered
Table 48. Saku? 3D Printed Battery Technology Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
Table 49. Saku? Main Business
Table 50. Saku? Latest Developments
Table 51. Blackstone Technology Details, Company Type, 3D Printed Battery Technology Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 52. Blackstone Technology 3D Printed Battery Technology Product Offered
Table 53. Blackstone Technology 3D Printed Battery Technology Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
Table 54. Blackstone Technology Main Business
Table 55. Blackstone Technology Latest Developments
Table 56. Photocentric Details, Company Type, 3D Printed Battery Technology Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 57. Photocentric 3D Printed Battery Technology Product Offered
Table 58. Photocentric 3D Printed Battery Technology Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
Table 59. Photocentric Main Business
Table 60. Photocentric Latest Developments
Table 61. TOPE Digital Manufacturing Technology Details, Company Type, 3D Printed Battery Technology Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 62. TOPE Digital Manufacturing Technology 3D Printed Battery Technology Product Offered
Table 63. TOPE Digital Manufacturing Technology 3D Printed Battery Technology Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
Table 64. TOPE Digital Manufacturing Technology Main Business
Table 65. TOPE Digital Manufacturing Technology Latest Developments
Table 66. 6K Energy Details, Company Type, 3D Printed Battery Technology Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 67. 6K Energy 3D Printed Battery Technology Product Offered
Table 68. 6K Energy 3D Printed Battery Technology Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
Table 69. 6K Energy Main Business
Table 70. 6K Energy Latest Developments

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. 3D Printed Battery Technology Report Years Considered
Figure 2. Research Objectives
Figure 3. Research Methodology
Figure 4. Research Process and Data Source
Figure 5. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth Rate (2021-2032) ($ millions)
Figure 6. 3D Printed Battery Technology Sales by Geographic Region (2021, 2025 & 2032) & ($ millions)
Figure 7. 3D Printed Battery Technology Sales Market Share by Country/Region (2025)
Figure 8. 3D Printed Battery Technology Sales Market Share by Country/Region (2021, 2025 & 2032)
Figure 9. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Type in 2025
Figure 10. 3D Printed Battery Technology in E-mobility
Figure 11. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market: E-mobility (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Figure 12. 3D Printed Battery Technology in Energy Storage
Figure 13. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market: Energy Storage (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Figure 14. 3D Printed Battery Technology in Wearable Device
Figure 15. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market: Wearable Device (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Figure 16. 3D Printed Battery Technology in Implantable Medical Devices
Figure 17. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market: Implantable Medical Devices (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Figure 18. 3D Printed Battery Technology in Others
Figure 19. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market: Others (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Figure 20. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Application in 2025
Figure 21. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Revenue Market Share by Player in 2025
Figure 22. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Region (2021-2026)
Figure 23. Americas 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 24. APAC 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 25. Europe 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 26. Middle East & Africa 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 27. Americas 3D Printed Battery Technology Value Market Share by Country in 2025
Figure 28. United States 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 29. Canada 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 30. Mexico 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 31. Brazil 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 32. APAC 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Region in 2025
Figure 33. APAC 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
Figure 34. APAC 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
Figure 35. China 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 36. Japan 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 37. South Korea 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 38. Southeast Asia 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 39. India 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 40. Australia 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 41. Europe 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Country in 2025
Figure 42. Europe 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
Figure 43. Europe 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
Figure 44. Germany 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 45. France 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 46. UK 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 47. Italy 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 48. Russia 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 49. Middle East & Africa 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Region (2021-2026)
Figure 50. Middle East & Africa 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
Figure 51. Middle East & Africa 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
Figure 52. Egypt 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 53. South Africa 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 54. Israel 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 55. Turkey 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 56. GCC Countries 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 57. Americas 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 58. APAC 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 59. Europe 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 60. Middle East & Africa 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 61. United States 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 62. Canada 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 63. Mexico 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 64. Brazil 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 65. China 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 66. Japan 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 67. Korea 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 68. Southeast Asia 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 69. India 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 70. Australia 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 71. Germany 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 72. France 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 73. UK 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 74. Italy 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 75. Russia 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 76. Egypt 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 77. South Africa 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 78. Israel 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 79. Turkey 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 80. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share Forecast by Type (2027-2032)
Figure 81. Global 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size Market Share Forecast by Application (2027-2032)
Figure 82. GCC Countries 3D Printed Battery Technology Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)