ECG Sensors Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

February 2022 | 72 pages | ID: E4B6ECDC67D9EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

This report contains market size and forecasts of ECG Sensors in global, including the following market information:

Global ECG Sensors Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global ECG Sensors Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K Units)

Global top five ECG Sensors companies in 2021 (%)

The global ECG Sensors market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Simulation Sensors Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of ECG Sensors include Philips Healthcare, Siemens Healthcare, Medtronic Plc, Analog Devices, NXP Semiconductors N.V, STMicroelectronics N.V, GE Healthcare and Texas Instruments, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the ECG Sensors manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global ECG Sensors Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global ECG Sensors Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Simulation Sensors
• Digital Sensors

Global ECG Sensors Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global ECG Sensors Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Diagnosis
• Detection

Global ECG Sensors Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global ECG Sensors Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies ECG Sensors revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies ECG Sensors revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies ECG Sensors sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K Units)

Key companies ECG Sensors sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Philips Healthcare
• Siemens Healthcare
• Medtronic Plc
• Analog Devices
• NXP Semiconductors N.V
• STMicroelectronics N.V
• GE Healthcare
• Texas Instruments

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 ECG Sensors Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global ECG Sensors Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL ECG SENSORS OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global ECG Sensors Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global ECG Sensors Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global ECG Sensors Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top ECG Sensors Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global ECG Sensors Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global ECG Sensors Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global ECG Sensors Sales by Companies
3.5 Global ECG Sensors Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 ECG Sensors Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers ECG Sensors Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 ECG Sensors Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 ECG Sensors Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 ECG Sensors Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global ECG Sensors Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Simulation Sensors
  4.1.3 Digital Sensors
4.2 By Type - Global ECG Sensors Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global ECG Sensors Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global ECG Sensors Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global ECG Sensors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global ECG Sensors Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global ECG Sensors Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global ECG Sensors Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global ECG Sensors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global ECG Sensors Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global ECG Sensors Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Diagnosis
  5.1.3 Detection
5.2 By Application - Global ECG Sensors Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global ECG Sensors Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global ECG Sensors Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global ECG Sensors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global ECG Sensors Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global ECG Sensors Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global ECG Sensors Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global ECG Sensors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global ECG Sensors Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global ECG Sensors Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global ECG Sensors Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global ECG Sensors Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global ECG Sensors Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global ECG Sensors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global ECG Sensors Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global ECG Sensors Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global ECG Sensors Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global ECG Sensors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America ECG Sensors Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America ECG Sensors Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe ECG Sensors Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe ECG Sensors Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia ECG Sensors Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia ECG Sensors Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America ECG Sensors Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America ECG Sensors Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa ECG Sensors Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa ECG Sensors Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE ECG Sensors Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Philips Healthcare
  7.1.1 Philips Healthcare Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Philips Healthcare Business Overview
  7.1.3 Philips Healthcare ECG Sensors Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Philips Healthcare ECG Sensors Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Philips Healthcare Key News
7.2 Siemens Healthcare
  7.2.1 Siemens Healthcare Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Siemens Healthcare Business Overview
  7.2.3 Siemens Healthcare ECG Sensors Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Siemens Healthcare ECG Sensors Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 Siemens Healthcare Key News
7.3 Medtronic Plc
  7.3.1 Medtronic Plc Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Medtronic Plc Business Overview
  7.3.3 Medtronic Plc ECG Sensors Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Medtronic Plc ECG Sensors Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Medtronic Plc Key News
7.4 Analog Devices
  7.4.1 Analog Devices Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Analog Devices Business Overview
  7.4.3 Analog Devices ECG Sensors Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Analog Devices ECG Sensors Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Analog Devices Key News
7.5 NXP Semiconductors N.V
  7.5.1 NXP Semiconductors N.V Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 NXP Semiconductors N.V Business Overview
  7.5.3 NXP Semiconductors N.V ECG Sensors Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 NXP Semiconductors N.V ECG Sensors Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 NXP Semiconductors N.V Key News
7.6 STMicroelectronics N.V
  7.6.1 STMicroelectronics N.V Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 STMicroelectronics N.V Business Overview
  7.6.3 STMicroelectronics N.V ECG Sensors Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 STMicroelectronics N.V ECG Sensors Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 STMicroelectronics N.V Key News
7.7 GE Healthcare
  7.7.1 GE Healthcare Corporate Summary
  7.7.2 GE Healthcare Business Overview
  7.7.3 GE Healthcare ECG Sensors Major Product Offerings
  7.7.4 GE Healthcare ECG Sensors Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.7.5 GE Healthcare Key News
7.8 Texas Instruments
  7.8.1 Texas Instruments Corporate Summary
  7.8.2 Texas Instruments Business Overview
  7.8.3 Texas Instruments ECG Sensors Major Product Offerings
  7.8.4 Texas Instruments ECG Sensors Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.8.5 Texas Instruments Key News

8 GLOBAL ECG SENSORS PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global ECG Sensors Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 ECG Sensors Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global ECG Sensors Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 ECG SENSORS SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 ECG Sensors Industry Value Chain
10.2 ECG Sensors Upstream Market
10.3 ECG Sensors Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 ECG Sensors Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of ECG Sensors in Global Market
Table 2. Top ECG Sensors Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global ECG Sensors Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global ECG Sensors Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global ECG Sensors Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global ECG Sensors Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers ECG Sensors Price (2017-2022) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers ECG Sensors Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 ECG Sensors Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 ECG Sensors Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global ECG Sensors Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global ECG Sensors Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global ECG Sensors Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global ECG Sensors Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global ECG Sensors Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global ECG Sensors Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global ECG Sensors Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global ECG Sensors Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global ECG Sensors Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global ECG Sensors Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global ECG Sensors Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global ECG Sensors Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America ECG Sensors Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America ECG Sensors Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe ECG Sensors Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe ECG Sensors Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia ECG Sensors Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia ECG Sensors Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America ECG Sensors Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America ECG Sensors Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa ECG Sensors Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa ECG Sensors Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Philips Healthcare Corporate Summary
Table 47. Philips Healthcare ECG Sensors Product Offerings
Table 48. Philips Healthcare ECG Sensors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Siemens Healthcare Corporate Summary
Table 50. Siemens Healthcare ECG Sensors Product Offerings
Table 51. Siemens Healthcare ECG Sensors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Medtronic Plc Corporate Summary
Table 53. Medtronic Plc ECG Sensors Product Offerings
Table 54. Medtronic Plc ECG Sensors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Analog Devices Corporate Summary
Table 56. Analog Devices ECG Sensors Product Offerings
Table 57. Analog Devices ECG Sensors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. NXP Semiconductors N.V Corporate Summary
Table 59. NXP Semiconductors N.V ECG Sensors Product Offerings
Table 60. NXP Semiconductors N.V ECG Sensors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. STMicroelectronics N.V Corporate Summary
Table 62. STMicroelectronics N.V ECG Sensors Product Offerings
Table 63. STMicroelectronics N.V ECG Sensors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. GE Healthcare Corporate Summary
Table 65. GE Healthcare ECG Sensors Product Offerings
Table 66. GE Healthcare ECG Sensors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 67. Texas Instruments Corporate Summary
Table 68. Texas Instruments ECG Sensors Product Offerings
Table 69. Texas Instruments ECG Sensors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 70. ECG Sensors Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 71. Global ECG Sensors Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 72. Global ECG Sensors Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 73. Global ECG Sensors Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 74. ECG Sensors Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 75. ECG Sensors Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 76. ECG Sensors Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 77. ECG Sensors Raw Materials
Table 78. ECG Sensors Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 79. Typical ECG Sensors Downstream
Table 80. ECG Sensors Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 81. ECG Sensors Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. ECG Sensors Segment by Type
Figure 2. ECG Sensors Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global ECG Sensors Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global ECG Sensors Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global ECG Sensors Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. ECG Sensors Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by ECG Sensors Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global ECG Sensors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global ECG Sensors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global ECG Sensors Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global ECG Sensors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global ECG Sensors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global ECG Sensors Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global ECG Sensors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global ECG Sensors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America ECG Sensors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America ECG Sensors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe ECG Sensors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe ECG Sensors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia ECG Sensors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia ECG Sensors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America ECG Sensors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America ECG Sensors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa ECG Sensors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa ECG Sensors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE ECG Sensors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global ECG Sensors Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production ECG Sensors by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. ECG Sensors Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels