United States Choke Inductor Market Report 2018

January 2018 | 113 pages | ID: UF61407A16CEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Choke Inductor market is valued at USD XX million in 2017 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2017 and 2025.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Choke Inductor in these regions, from 2013 to 2025 (forecast).

United States Choke Inductor market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Choke Inductor sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• AVX Corp. (US)
• API Delevan, Inc. (USA)
• Caddell-Burns Manufacturing Co., Inc. (USA)
• Chilisin Electronics Corp. (Taiwan)
• Datatronic Distribution, Inc. (USA)
• Delta Electronics, Inc. (Taiwan)
• Houston Transformer Company, Ltd. (USA)
• Murata Manufacturing Company, Ltd. (Japan)
• TOKO, Inc. (Japan)
• Panasonic Corporation (Japan)
• Pulse Electronics Corporation (USA)
• Sumida Corporation (Japan)
• Taiyo Yuden Co., Ltd. (Japan)
• TT Electronics Plc. (UK)
• BI Technologies Corporation (USA)
• TDK-EPC Corporation (Japan)
• Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. (USA)

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Self-Inductor
• Mutual Inductor

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate for each application, including

• Electronics Industry
• Automobile Industry
• Scientific Research
• Other

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States Choke Inductor Market Report 2018

1 CHOKE INDUCTOR OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Choke Inductor
1.2 Classification of Choke Inductor by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Choke Inductor Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2013-2025)
  1.2.2 United States Choke Inductor Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017
  1.2.3 Self-Inductor
  1.2.4 Mutual Inductor
1.3 United States Choke Inductor Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Choke Inductor Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2013-2025)
  1.3.2 Electronics Industry
  1.3.3 Automobile Industry
  1.3.4 Scientific Research
  1.3.5 Other
1.4 United States Choke Inductor Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Choke Inductor Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2013-2025)
  1.4.2 The West Choke Inductor Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.3 Southwest Choke Inductor Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Choke Inductor Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.5 New England Choke Inductor Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.6 The South Choke Inductor Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Choke Inductor Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Choke Inductor (2013-2025)
  1.5.1 United States Choke Inductor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
  1.5.2 United States Choke Inductor Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

2 UNITED STATES CHOKE INDUCTOR MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Choke Inductor Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.2 United States Choke Inductor Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.3 United States Choke Inductor Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.4 United States Choke Inductor Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Choke Inductor Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Choke Inductor Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Choke Inductor Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES CHOKE INDUCTOR SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2013-2018)

3.1 United States Choke Inductor Sales and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.2 United States Choke Inductor Revenue and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.3 United States Choke Inductor Price by Region (2013-2018)

4 UNITED STATES CHOKE INDUCTOR SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2013-2018)

4.1 United States Choke Inductor Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2013-2018)
4.2 United States Choke Inductor Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
4.3 United States Choke Inductor Price by Type (2013-2018)
4.4 United States Choke Inductor Sales Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018)

5 UNITED STATES CHOKE INDUCTOR SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2013-2018)

5.1 United States Choke Inductor Sales and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
5.2 United States Choke Inductor Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES CHOKE INDUCTOR PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 AVX Corp. (US)
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Choke Inductor Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 AVX Corp. (US) Choke Inductor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 API Delevan, Inc. (USA)
  6.2.2 Choke Inductor Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 API Delevan, Inc. (USA) Choke Inductor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Caddell-Burns Manufacturing Co., Inc. (USA)
  6.3.2 Choke Inductor Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Caddell-Burns Manufacturing Co., Inc. (USA) Choke Inductor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Chilisin Electronics Corp. (Taiwan)
  6.4.2 Choke Inductor Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Chilisin Electronics Corp. (Taiwan) Choke Inductor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Datatronic Distribution, Inc. (USA)
  6.5.2 Choke Inductor Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Datatronic Distribution, Inc. (USA) Choke Inductor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Delta Electronics, Inc. (Taiwan)
  6.6.2 Choke Inductor Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 Delta Electronics, Inc. (Taiwan) Choke Inductor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Houston Transformer Company, Ltd. (USA)
  6.7.2 Choke Inductor Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Houston Transformer Company, Ltd. (USA) Choke Inductor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Murata Manufacturing Company, Ltd. (Japan)
  6.8.2 Choke Inductor Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Murata Manufacturing Company, Ltd. (Japan) Choke Inductor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 TOKO, Inc. (Japan)
  6.9.2 Choke Inductor Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 TOKO, Inc. (Japan) Choke Inductor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Panasonic Corporation (Japan)
  6.10.2 Choke Inductor Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Panasonic Corporation (Japan) Choke Inductor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Pulse Electronics Corporation (USA)
6.12 Sumida Corporation (Japan)
6.13 Taiyo Yuden Co., Ltd. (Japan)
6.14 TT Electronics Plc. (UK)
6.15 BI Technologies Corporation (USA)
6.16 TDK-EPC Corporation (Japan)
6.17 Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. (USA)

7 CHOKE INDUCTOR MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Choke Inductor Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Choke Inductor

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Choke Inductor Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Choke Inductor Major Manufacturers in 2017
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES CHOKE INDUCTOR MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2018-2025)

11.1 United States Choke Inductor Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2018-2025)
11.2 United States Choke Inductor Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
11.3 United States Choke Inductor Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
11.4 United States Choke Inductor Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer

The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Choke Inductor
Figure United States Choke Inductor Market Size (K Units) by Type (2013-2025)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017
Figure Self-Inductor Product Picture
Figure Mutual Inductor Product Picture
Figure United States Choke Inductor Market Size (K Units) by Application (2013-2025)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Choke Inductor by Application in 2017
Figure Electronics Industry Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Electronics Industry
Figure Automobile Industry Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Automobile Industry
Figure Scientific Research Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Scientific Research
Figure Other Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Other
Figure United States Choke Inductor Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2013-2025)
Figure The West Choke Inductor Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Southwest Choke Inductor Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Choke Inductor Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure New England Choke Inductor Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The South of US Choke Inductor Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The Midwest Choke Inductor Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Units) (2013-2018)
Table United States Choke Inductor Sales (K Units) of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Table United States Choke Inductor Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 United States Choke Inductor Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Choke Inductor Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Choke Inductor Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2013-2018)
Table United States Choke Inductor Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Table United States Choke Inductor Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 United States Choke Inductor Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Choke Inductor Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Choke Inductor Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure United States Market Choke Inductor Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2017
Figure United States Choke Inductor Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Choke Inductor Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Choke Inductor Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Choke Inductor Product Category
Table United States Choke Inductor Sales (K Units) by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Choke Inductor Sales Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Sales Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Sales Market Share by Region in 2017
Table United States Choke Inductor Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Choke Inductor Revenue Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Revenue Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Revenue Market Share by Region in 2017
Table United States Choke Inductor Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Choke Inductor Sales (K Units) by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Choke Inductor Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Sales Market Share by Type in 2017
Table United States Choke Inductor Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Choke Inductor Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Choke Inductor by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Choke Inductor by Type in 2017
Table United States Choke Inductor Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2013-2018)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Sales Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Choke Inductor Sales (K Units) by Application (2013-2018)
Table United States Choke Inductor Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Sales Market Share by Application in 2017
Table United States Choke Inductor Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Table AVX Corp. (US) Basic Information List
Table AVX Corp. (US) Choke Inductor Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure AVX Corp. (US) Choke Inductor Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure AVX Corp. (US) Choke Inductor Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure AVX Corp. (US) Choke Inductor Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table API Delevan, Inc. (USA) Basic Information List
Table API Delevan, Inc. (USA) Choke Inductor Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure API Delevan, Inc. (USA) Choke Inductor Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure API Delevan, Inc. (USA) Choke Inductor Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure API Delevan, Inc. (USA) Choke Inductor Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Caddell-Burns Manufacturing Co., Inc. (USA) Basic Information List
Table Caddell-Burns Manufacturing Co., Inc. (USA) Choke Inductor Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Caddell-Burns Manufacturing Co., Inc. (USA) Choke Inductor Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Caddell-Burns Manufacturing Co., Inc. (USA) Choke Inductor Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Caddell-Burns Manufacturing Co., Inc. (USA) Choke Inductor Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Chilisin Electronics Corp. (Taiwan) Basic Information List
Table Chilisin Electronics Corp. (Taiwan) Choke Inductor Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Chilisin Electronics Corp. (Taiwan) Choke Inductor Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Chilisin Electronics Corp. (Taiwan) Choke Inductor Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Chilisin Electronics Corp. (Taiwan) Choke Inductor Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Datatronic Distribution, Inc. (USA) Basic Information List
Table Datatronic Distribution, Inc. (USA) Choke Inductor Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Datatronic Distribution, Inc. (USA) Choke Inductor Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Datatronic Distribution, Inc. (USA) Choke Inductor Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Datatronic Distribution, Inc. (USA) Choke Inductor Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Delta Electronics, Inc. (Taiwan) Basic Information List
Table Delta Electronics, Inc. (Taiwan) Choke Inductor Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Delta Electronics, Inc. (Taiwan) Choke Inductor Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Delta Electronics, Inc. (Taiwan) Choke Inductor Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Delta Electronics, Inc. (Taiwan) Choke Inductor Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Houston Transformer Company, Ltd. (USA) Basic Information List
Table Houston Transformer Company, Ltd. (USA) Choke Inductor Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Houston Transformer Company, Ltd. (USA) Choke Inductor Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Houston Transformer Company, Ltd. (USA) Choke Inductor Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Houston Transformer Company, Ltd. (USA) Choke Inductor Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Murata Manufacturing Company, Ltd. (Japan) Basic Information List
Table Murata Manufacturing Company, Ltd. (Japan) Choke Inductor Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Murata Manufacturing Company, Ltd. (Japan) Choke Inductor Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Murata Manufacturing Company, Ltd. (Japan) Choke Inductor Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Murata Manufacturing Company, Ltd. (Japan) Choke Inductor Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table TOKO, Inc. (Japan) Basic Information List
Table TOKO, Inc. (Japan) Choke Inductor Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure TOKO, Inc. (Japan) Choke Inductor Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure TOKO, Inc. (Japan) Choke Inductor Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure TOKO, Inc. (Japan) Choke Inductor Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Panasonic Corporation (Japan) Basic Information List
Table Panasonic Corporation (Japan) Choke Inductor Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Panasonic Corporation (Japan) Choke Inductor Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Panasonic Corporation (Japan) Choke Inductor Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Panasonic Corporation (Japan) Choke Inductor Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Pulse Electronics Corporation (USA) Basic Information List
Table Sumida Corporation (Japan) Basic Information List
Table Taiyo Yuden Co., Ltd. (Japan) Basic Information List
Table TT Electronics Plc. (UK) Basic Information List
Table BI Technologies Corporation (USA) Basic Information List
Table TDK-EPC Corporation (Japan) Basic Information List
Table Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. (USA) Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Choke Inductor
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Choke Inductor
Figure Choke Inductor Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Choke Inductor Major Players/Suppliers in 2017
Table Major Buyers of Choke Inductor
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Choke Inductor Sales Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2018-2025)
Table United States Choke Inductor Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type in 2025
Table United States Choke Inductor Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application in 2025
Table United States Choke Inductor Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Table United States Choke Inductor Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Figure United States Choke Inductor Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2025
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources