America Tyre Market Report to 2021
Notes:
Sales, means the sales volume of Tyre
Revenue, means the sales value of Tyre
This report studies sales (consumption) of Tyre in America market, focuses on the top players, with sales, price, revenue and market share for each player, covering
Sales, means the sales volume of Tyre
Revenue, means the sales value of Tyre
This report studies sales (consumption) of Tyre in America market, focuses on the top players, with sales, price, revenue and market share for each player, covering
- Michelin
- Bridgestone
- Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
- Continental AG
- Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd
- SUMIMOTO
- Pirelli
- TOYO
- KUMHO
- Triangle Group
- Bias
- Belted bias
- Radial
- Solid
- Metal
- Semi-pneumatic
- Airless
- Consummer
- Commercial
- Off The Road
- Aircraft
- Motorcycle
- Specialty
America Tyre Market Report 2016
1 TYRE OVERVIEW
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Tyre
1.2 Classification of Tyre
1.2.1 Bias
1.2.2 Belted bias
1.2.3 Radial
1.2.4 Solid
1.2.5 Metal
1.2.6 Semi-pneumatic
1.2.7 Airless
1.3 Application of Tyre
1.3.1 Consummer
1.3.2 Commercial
1.3.3 Off The Road
1.3.4 Aircraft
1.3.5 Motorcycle
1.3.6 Specialty
1.4 America Market Size Sales (Value) and Revenue (Volume) of Tyre (2011-2021)
1.4.1 America Tyre Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
1.4.2 America Tyre Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
2 AMERICA TYRE COMPETITION BY MANUFACTURERS
2.1 America Tyre Sales and Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
2.2 America Tyre Revenue and Share by Manufactures (2015 and 2016)
2.3 America Tyre Average Price by Manufactures (2015 and 2016)
2.4 Tyre Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.4.1 Tyre Market Concentration Rate
2.4.2 Tyre Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers
2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 AMERICA TYRE SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (2011-2016)
3.1 America Tyre Sales and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
3.2 America Tyre Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
3.3 America Tyre Price by Type (2011-2016)
3.4 America Tyre Sales Growth Rate by Type (2011-2016)
4 AMERICA TYRE SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2011-2016)
4.1 America Tyre Sales and Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
4.2 America Tyre Sales Growth Rate by Application (2011-2016)
4.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities
5 AMERICA TYRE MANUFACTURERS PROFILES/ANALYSIS
5.1 Michelin
5.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
5.1.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.1.2.1 Type I
5.1.2.2 Type II
5.1.3 Michelin Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
5.2 Bridgestone
5.2.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.2.2.1 Type I
5.2.2.2 Type II
5.2.3 Bridgestone Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
5.3 Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
5.3.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.3.2.1 Type I
5.3.2.2 Type II
5.3.3 Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
5.4 Continental AG
5.4.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.4.2.1 Type I
5.4.2.2 Type II
5.4.3 Continental AG Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
5.5 Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd
5.5.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.5.2.1 Type I
5.5.2.2 Type II
5.5.3 Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
5.6 SUMIMOTO
5.6.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.6.2.1 Type I
5.6.2.2 Type II
5.6.3 SUMIMOTO Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
5.7 Pirelli
5.7.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.7.2.1 Type I
5.7.2.2 Type II
5.7.3 Pirelli Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
5.8 TOYO
5.8.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.8.2.1 Type I
5.8.2.2 Type II
5.8.3 TOYO Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
5.9 KUMHO
5.9.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.9.2.1 Type I
5.9.2.2 Type II
5.9.3 KUMHO Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
5.10 Triangle Group
5.10.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.10.2.1 Type I
5.10.2.2 Type II
5.10.3 Triangle Group Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6 TYRE MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS
6.1 Tyre Key Raw Materials Analysis
6.1.1 Key Raw Materials
6.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
6.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
6.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
6.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
6.2.1 Raw Materials
6.2.2 Labor Cost
6.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
6.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Tyre
7 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS
7.1 Tyre Industrial Chain Analysis
7.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
7.3 Raw Materials Sources of Tyre Major Manufacturers in 2015
7.4 Downstream Buyers
8 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS
8.1 Marketing Channel
8.1.1 Direct Marketing
8.1.2 Indirect Marketing
8.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
8.2 Market Positioning
8.2.1 Pricing Strategy
8.2.2 Brand Strategy
8.2.3 Target Client
8.3 Distributors/Traders List
9 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS
9.1 Technology Progress/Risk
9.1.1 Substitutes Threat
9.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
9.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
9.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change
10 AMERICA TYRE MARKET FORECAST (2016-2021)
10.1 America Tyre Sales, Revenue Forecast (2016-2021)
10.2 America Tyre Sales Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
10.3 America Tyre Sales Forecast by Application (2016-2021)
10.4 Tyre Price Forecast (2016-2021)
11 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION
12 APPENDIX
Author List
Disclosure Section
Research Methodology
Data Source
Disclaimer
1 TYRE OVERVIEW
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Tyre
1.2 Classification of Tyre
1.2.1 Bias
1.2.2 Belted bias
1.2.3 Radial
1.2.4 Solid
1.2.5 Metal
1.2.6 Semi-pneumatic
1.2.7 Airless
1.3 Application of Tyre
1.3.1 Consummer
1.3.2 Commercial
1.3.3 Off The Road
1.3.4 Aircraft
1.3.5 Motorcycle
1.3.6 Specialty
1.4 America Market Size Sales (Value) and Revenue (Volume) of Tyre (2011-2021)
1.4.1 America Tyre Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
1.4.2 America Tyre Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
2 AMERICA TYRE COMPETITION BY MANUFACTURERS
2.1 America Tyre Sales and Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
2.2 America Tyre Revenue and Share by Manufactures (2015 and 2016)
2.3 America Tyre Average Price by Manufactures (2015 and 2016)
2.4 Tyre Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.4.1 Tyre Market Concentration Rate
2.4.2 Tyre Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers
2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 AMERICA TYRE SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (2011-2016)
3.1 America Tyre Sales and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
3.2 America Tyre Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
3.3 America Tyre Price by Type (2011-2016)
3.4 America Tyre Sales Growth Rate by Type (2011-2016)
4 AMERICA TYRE SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2011-2016)
4.1 America Tyre Sales and Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
4.2 America Tyre Sales Growth Rate by Application (2011-2016)
4.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities
5 AMERICA TYRE MANUFACTURERS PROFILES/ANALYSIS
5.1 Michelin
5.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
5.1.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.1.2.1 Type I
5.1.2.2 Type II
5.1.3 Michelin Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
5.2 Bridgestone
5.2.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.2.2.1 Type I
5.2.2.2 Type II
5.2.3 Bridgestone Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
5.3 Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
5.3.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.3.2.1 Type I
5.3.2.2 Type II
5.3.3 Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
5.4 Continental AG
5.4.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.4.2.1 Type I
5.4.2.2 Type II
5.4.3 Continental AG Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
5.5 Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd
5.5.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.5.2.1 Type I
5.5.2.2 Type II
5.5.3 Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
5.6 SUMIMOTO
5.6.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.6.2.1 Type I
5.6.2.2 Type II
5.6.3 SUMIMOTO Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
5.7 Pirelli
5.7.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.7.2.1 Type I
5.7.2.2 Type II
5.7.3 Pirelli Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
5.8 TOYO
5.8.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.8.2.1 Type I
5.8.2.2 Type II
5.8.3 TOYO Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
5.9 KUMHO
5.9.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.9.2.1 Type I
5.9.2.2 Type II
5.9.3 KUMHO Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
5.10 Triangle Group
5.10.2 Tyre Product Type, Application and Specification
5.10.2.1 Type I
5.10.2.2 Type II
5.10.3 Triangle Group Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
5.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6 TYRE MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS
6.1 Tyre Key Raw Materials Analysis
6.1.1 Key Raw Materials
6.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
6.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
6.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
6.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
6.2.1 Raw Materials
6.2.2 Labor Cost
6.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
6.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Tyre
7 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS
7.1 Tyre Industrial Chain Analysis
7.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
7.3 Raw Materials Sources of Tyre Major Manufacturers in 2015
7.4 Downstream Buyers
8 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS
8.1 Marketing Channel
8.1.1 Direct Marketing
8.1.2 Indirect Marketing
8.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
8.2 Market Positioning
8.2.1 Pricing Strategy
8.2.2 Brand Strategy
8.2.3 Target Client
8.3 Distributors/Traders List
9 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS
9.1 Technology Progress/Risk
9.1.1 Substitutes Threat
9.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
9.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
9.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change
10 AMERICA TYRE MARKET FORECAST (2016-2021)
10.1 America Tyre Sales, Revenue Forecast (2016-2021)
10.2 America Tyre Sales Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
10.3 America Tyre Sales Forecast by Application (2016-2021)
10.4 Tyre Price Forecast (2016-2021)
11 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION
12 APPENDIX
Author List
Disclosure Section
Research Methodology
Data Source
Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Figure Picture of Tyre
Table Classification of Tyre
Figure America Sales Market Share of Tyre by Type in 2015
Figure Bias Picture
Figure Belted bias Picture
Figure Radial Picture
Figure Solid Picture
Figure Metal Picture
Figure Semi-pneumatic Picture
Figure Airless Picture
Table Application of Tyre
Figure America Sales Market Share of Tyre by Application in 2015
Figure Consummer Examples
Figure Commercial Examples
Figure Off The Road Examples
Figure Aircraft Examples
Figure Motorcycle Examples
Figure Specialty Examples
Figure America Tyre Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure America Tyre Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Table America Tyre Sales of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table America Tyre Sales Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Figure 2015 Tyre Sales Share by Manufacturers
Figure 2016 Tyre Sales Share by Manufacturers
Table America Tyre Revenue by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table America Tyre Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table 2015 America Tyre Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table 2016 America Tyre Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table America Market Tyre Average Price of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Figure America Market Tyre Average Price of Key Manufacturers in 2015
Figure Tyre Market Share of Top 3 Manufacturers
Figure Tyre Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers
Table America Tyre Sales by Type (2011-2016)
Table America Tyre Sales Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure America Tyre Sales Market Share by Type in 2015
Table America Tyre Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table America Tyre Revenue Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Tyre by Type (2011-2016)
Table America Tyre Price by Type (2011-2016)
Figure America Tyre Sales Growth Rate by Type (2011-2016)
Table America Tyre Sales by Application (2011-2016)
Table America Tyre Sales Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure America Tyre Sales Market Share by Application in 2015
Table America Tyre Sales Growth Rate by Application (2011-2016)
Figure America Tyre Sales Growth Rate by Application (2011-2016)
Table Michelin Basic Information List
Table Michelin Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Michelin Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Bridgestone Basic Information List
Table Bridgestone Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Bridgestone Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Basic Information List
Table Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Continental AG Basic Information List
Table Continental AG Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Continental AG Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd Basic Information List
Table Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table SUMIMOTO Basic Information List
Table SUMIMOTO Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table SUMIMOTO Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Pirelli Basic Information List
Table Pirelli Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Pirelli Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table TOYO Basic Information List
Table TOYO Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table TOYO Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table KUMHO Basic Information List
Table KUMHO Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table KUMHO Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Triangle Group Basic Information List
Table Triangle Group Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Triangle Group Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Tyre
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Tyre
Figure Tyre Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Tyre Major Manufacturers in 2015
Table Major Buyers of Tyre
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure America Tyre Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure America Tyre Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table America Tyre Production Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
Table America Tyre Consumption Forecast by Application (2016-2021)
Figure Picture of Tyre
Table Classification of Tyre
Figure America Sales Market Share of Tyre by Type in 2015
Figure Bias Picture
Figure Belted bias Picture
Figure Radial Picture
Figure Solid Picture
Figure Metal Picture
Figure Semi-pneumatic Picture
Figure Airless Picture
Table Application of Tyre
Figure America Sales Market Share of Tyre by Application in 2015
Figure Consummer Examples
Figure Commercial Examples
Figure Off The Road Examples
Figure Aircraft Examples
Figure Motorcycle Examples
Figure Specialty Examples
Figure America Tyre Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure America Tyre Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Table America Tyre Sales of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table America Tyre Sales Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Figure 2015 Tyre Sales Share by Manufacturers
Figure 2016 Tyre Sales Share by Manufacturers
Table America Tyre Revenue by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table America Tyre Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table 2015 America Tyre Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table 2016 America Tyre Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table America Market Tyre Average Price of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Figure America Market Tyre Average Price of Key Manufacturers in 2015
Figure Tyre Market Share of Top 3 Manufacturers
Figure Tyre Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers
Table America Tyre Sales by Type (2011-2016)
Table America Tyre Sales Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure America Tyre Sales Market Share by Type in 2015
Table America Tyre Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table America Tyre Revenue Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Tyre by Type (2011-2016)
Table America Tyre Price by Type (2011-2016)
Figure America Tyre Sales Growth Rate by Type (2011-2016)
Table America Tyre Sales by Application (2011-2016)
Table America Tyre Sales Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure America Tyre Sales Market Share by Application in 2015
Table America Tyre Sales Growth Rate by Application (2011-2016)
Figure America Tyre Sales Growth Rate by Application (2011-2016)
Table Michelin Basic Information List
Table Michelin Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Michelin Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Bridgestone Basic Information List
Table Bridgestone Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Bridgestone Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Basic Information List
Table Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Continental AG Basic Information List
Table Continental AG Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Continental AG Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd Basic Information List
Table Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table SUMIMOTO Basic Information List
Table SUMIMOTO Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table SUMIMOTO Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Pirelli Basic Information List
Table Pirelli Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Pirelli Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table TOYO Basic Information List
Table TOYO Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table TOYO Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table KUMHO Basic Information List
Table KUMHO Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table KUMHO Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Triangle Group Basic Information List
Table Triangle Group Tyre Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Triangle Group Tyre Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Tyre
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Tyre
Figure Tyre Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Tyre Major Manufacturers in 2015
Table Major Buyers of Tyre
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure America Tyre Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure America Tyre Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table America Tyre Production Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
Table America Tyre Consumption Forecast by Application (2016-2021)