Water Clarifiers - Global Market Outlook (2017-2026)
According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Water Clarifiers is accounted for $5.24 billion in 2017 and is expected to reach $10.81 billion by 2026 growing at a CAGR of 8.4%. Rapid urbanization in emerging countries, strict water resource protection and management rules, rising use of water clarifiers in various industrial applications are some of the key factors fuelling the market growth. However, growing implementation of alternative water treatment technologies and high cost of clarifiers are hindering the growth of the market.
Water clarifiers are also known as settlers. Water clarifiers are circular settling tanks in which solid sediments settle down to the bottom. These are generally used to separate solid particulates or suspended solids from a liquid for clarification and/or thickening. They are widely used in the sewage treatment, power generation, oil and gas, petrochemical, mining and paper industries to aid product separation and recovery. Clarifiers operate on two basic design criteria the surface area of the tank and the liquid residence time within the tank.
By Type, coagulant segment is dominating the market during forecast period due to its wide application across all end user industries and increasing industrialization. It is a chemical cleaning treatment for the waste water and helps in enhancing the process to eliminate particles from the water. Amongst End User, municipal segment acquired significant market share owing to its sanitation facilities and growing investments in municipal water supply systems in emerging economies.
Asia Pacific is the fastest growing market owing to the huge utilization of water clarifiers in large industrial infrastructures in several countries such as China, India and Japan and execution of stringent environmental rules for clean drinking water.
Some of the key players in the water clarifiers market include Wetico, Shandong Shuiheng Chemical, Aries Chemical Inc., Chemifloc, Holland Company Inc., Donau Chemie Ag, Cytec Industries, Akferal Su Kimyasallari, Yixing Bluwat Chemicals Co. Ltd., Kronos Ecochem, Usalco LLC, Bauminas Quimica, Chemtrade Logistics, Dew Speciality Chemicals and GEO Specialty Chemicals, Inc.
Plant Types Covered:
Water clarifiers are also known as settlers. Water clarifiers are circular settling tanks in which solid sediments settle down to the bottom. These are generally used to separate solid particulates or suspended solids from a liquid for clarification and/or thickening. They are widely used in the sewage treatment, power generation, oil and gas, petrochemical, mining and paper industries to aid product separation and recovery. Clarifiers operate on two basic design criteria the surface area of the tank and the liquid residence time within the tank.
By Type, coagulant segment is dominating the market during forecast period due to its wide application across all end user industries and increasing industrialization. It is a chemical cleaning treatment for the waste water and helps in enhancing the process to eliminate particles from the water. Amongst End User, municipal segment acquired significant market share owing to its sanitation facilities and growing investments in municipal water supply systems in emerging economies.
Asia Pacific is the fastest growing market owing to the huge utilization of water clarifiers in large industrial infrastructures in several countries such as China, India and Japan and execution of stringent environmental rules for clean drinking water.
Some of the key players in the water clarifiers market include Wetico, Shandong Shuiheng Chemical, Aries Chemical Inc., Chemifloc, Holland Company Inc., Donau Chemie Ag, Cytec Industries, Akferal Su Kimyasallari, Yixing Bluwat Chemicals Co. Ltd., Kronos Ecochem, Usalco LLC, Bauminas Quimica, Chemtrade Logistics, Dew Speciality Chemicals and GEO Specialty Chemicals, Inc.
Plant Types Covered:
- Secondary
- Primary
- Flocculants
- Ph Stabilizers
- Coagulant
- More than 2000 m3/hr
- 1000 m3/hr- 2000 m3/hr
- 1 m3/hr - 999 m3/hr
- Fibre-reinforced plastic
- Carbon steel
- Stainless steel
- Other Material Types
- Rectangular Water Clarifier
- Circular Global Water Clarifiers
- Waste water treatment
- Pre-Treatment
- Waste water recovery
- Potable water treatment
- Utility feed water
- Mining
- Metals & Mining
- Textile
- Municipal
- Petrochemicals
- Pulp & Paper
- Oil and Gas
- Power Generation
- Food and Beverage
- Other End Users
- North America
- US
- Canada
- Mexico
- Europe
- Germany
- UK
- Italy
- France
- Spain
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Japan
- China
- India
- Australia
- New Zealand
- South Korea
- Rest of Asia Pacific
- South America
- Argentina
- Brazil
- Chile
- Rest of South America
- Middle East & Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE
- Qatar
- South Africa
- Rest of Middle East & Africa
- Market share assessments for the regional and country level segments
- Market share analysis of the top industry players
- Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
- Market forecasts for a minimum of 9 years of all the mentioned segments, sub segments and the regional markets
- Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
- Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
- Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
- Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
- Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2 PREFACE
2.1 Abstract
2.2 Stake Holders
2.3 Research Scope
2.4 Research Methodology
2.4.1 Data Mining
2.4.2 Data Analysis
2.4.3 Data Validation
2.4.4 Research Approach
2.5 Research Sources
2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
2.5.3 Assumptions
3 MARKET TREND ANALYSIS
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Drivers
3.3 Restraints
3.4 Opportunities
3.5 Threats
3.6 Application Analysis
3.7 End User Analysis
3.8 Emerging Markets
3.9 Futuristic Market Scenario
4 PORTERS FIVE FORCE ANALYSIS
4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
4.3 Threat of substitutes
4.4 Threat of new entrants
4.5 Competitive rivalry
5 GLOBAL WATER CLARIFIERS MARKET, BY PLANT TYPE
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Secondary
5.3 Primary
6 GLOBAL WATER CLARIFIERS MARKET, BY TYPE
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Flocculants
6.2.1 Amphoteric Flocculants
6.2.2 Anionic Flocculants
6.2.3 Non-Ionic Flocculants
6.2.4 Cationic Flocculants
6.3 Ph Stabilizers
6.4 Coagulant
6.4.1 Inorganic Coagulant
6.4.1.1 Ferric Chloride
6.4.1.2 Aluminum Sulfate
6.4.1.3 Polyaluminum Chloride
6.4.1.4 Other Inorganic Coagulants
6.4.2 Organic Coagulant
6.4.2.1 Polydadmac
6.4.2.2 Polyamine
7 GLOBAL WATER CLARIFIERS MARKET, BY TREATMENT CAPACITY
7.1 Introduction
7.2 More than 2000 m3/hr
7.3 1000 m3/hr- 2000 m3/hr
7.4 1 m3/hr - 999 m3/hr
8 GLOBAL WATER CLARIFIERS MARKET, BY MATERIAL TYPE
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fibre-reinforced plastic
8.3 Carbon steel
8.4 Stainless steel
8.5 Other Material Types
9 GLOBAL WATER CLARIFIERS MARKET, BY DESIGN
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Rectangular Water Clarifier
9.3 Circular Global Water Clarifiers
10 GLOBAL WATER CLARIFIERS MARKET, BY APPLICATION
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Waste water treatment
10.3 Pre-Treatment
10.4 Waste water recovery
10.5 Potable water treatment
10.6 Utility feed water
10.7 Mining
11 GLOBAL WATER CLARIFIERS MARKET, BY END-USER
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Metals & Mining
11.3 Textile
11.4 Municipal
11.5 Petrochemicals
11.6 Pulp & Paper
11.7 Oil and Gas
11.8 Power Generation
11.9 Food and Beverage
11.10 Other End Users
12 GLOBAL WATER CLARIFIERS MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHY
12.1 Introduction
12.2 North America
12.2.1 US
12.2.2 Canada
12.2.3 Mexico
12.3 Europe
12.3.1 Germany
12.3.2 UK
12.3.3 Italy
12.3.4 France
12.3.5 Spain
12.3.6 Rest of Europe
12.4 Asia Pacific
12.4.1 Japan
12.4.2 China
12.4.3 India
12.4.4 Australia
12.4.5 New Zealand
12.4.6 South Korea
12.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
12.5 South America
12.5.1 Argentina
12.5.2 Brazil
12.5.3 Chile
12.5.4 Rest of South America
12.6 Middle East & Africa
12.6.1 Saudi Arabia
12.6.2 UAE
12.6.3 Qatar
12.6.4 South Africa
12.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa
13 KEY DEVELOPMENTS
13.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
13.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
13.3 New Product Launch
13.4 Expansions
13.5 Other Key Strategies
14 COMPANY PROFILING
14.1 Wetico
14.2 Shandong Shuiheng Chemical
14.3 Aries Chemical Inc.
14.4 Chemifloc
14.5 Holland Company Inc.
14.6 Donau Chemie Ag
14.7 Cytec Industries
14.8 Akferal Su Kimyasallari
14.9 Yixing Bluwat Chemicals Co. Ltd.
14.10 Kronos Ecochem
14.11 Usalco LLC
14.12 Bauminas Quimica
14.13 Chemtrade Logistics
14.14 Dew Speciality Chemicals
14.15 GEO Specialty Chemicals, Inc.
2 PREFACE
2.1 Abstract
2.2 Stake Holders
2.3 Research Scope
2.4 Research Methodology
2.4.1 Data Mining
2.4.2 Data Analysis
2.4.3 Data Validation
2.4.4 Research Approach
2.5 Research Sources
2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
2.5.3 Assumptions
3 MARKET TREND ANALYSIS
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Drivers
3.3 Restraints
3.4 Opportunities
3.5 Threats
3.6 Application Analysis
3.7 End User Analysis
3.8 Emerging Markets
3.9 Futuristic Market Scenario
4 PORTERS FIVE FORCE ANALYSIS
4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
4.3 Threat of substitutes
4.4 Threat of new entrants
4.5 Competitive rivalry
5 GLOBAL WATER CLARIFIERS MARKET, BY PLANT TYPE
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Secondary
5.3 Primary
6 GLOBAL WATER CLARIFIERS MARKET, BY TYPE
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Flocculants
6.2.1 Amphoteric Flocculants
6.2.2 Anionic Flocculants
6.2.3 Non-Ionic Flocculants
6.2.4 Cationic Flocculants
6.3 Ph Stabilizers
6.4 Coagulant
6.4.1 Inorganic Coagulant
6.4.1.1 Ferric Chloride
6.4.1.2 Aluminum Sulfate
6.4.1.3 Polyaluminum Chloride
6.4.1.4 Other Inorganic Coagulants
6.4.2 Organic Coagulant
6.4.2.1 Polydadmac
6.4.2.2 Polyamine
7 GLOBAL WATER CLARIFIERS MARKET, BY TREATMENT CAPACITY
7.1 Introduction
7.2 More than 2000 m3/hr
7.3 1000 m3/hr- 2000 m3/hr
7.4 1 m3/hr - 999 m3/hr
8 GLOBAL WATER CLARIFIERS MARKET, BY MATERIAL TYPE
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fibre-reinforced plastic
8.3 Carbon steel
8.4 Stainless steel
8.5 Other Material Types
9 GLOBAL WATER CLARIFIERS MARKET, BY DESIGN
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Rectangular Water Clarifier
9.3 Circular Global Water Clarifiers
10 GLOBAL WATER CLARIFIERS MARKET, BY APPLICATION
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Waste water treatment
10.3 Pre-Treatment
10.4 Waste water recovery
10.5 Potable water treatment
10.6 Utility feed water
10.7 Mining
11 GLOBAL WATER CLARIFIERS MARKET, BY END-USER
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Metals & Mining
11.3 Textile
11.4 Municipal
11.5 Petrochemicals
11.6 Pulp & Paper
11.7 Oil and Gas
11.8 Power Generation
11.9 Food and Beverage
11.10 Other End Users
12 GLOBAL WATER CLARIFIERS MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHY
12.1 Introduction
12.2 North America
12.2.1 US
12.2.2 Canada
12.2.3 Mexico
12.3 Europe
12.3.1 Germany
12.3.2 UK
12.3.3 Italy
12.3.4 France
12.3.5 Spain
12.3.6 Rest of Europe
12.4 Asia Pacific
12.4.1 Japan
12.4.2 China
12.4.3 India
12.4.4 Australia
12.4.5 New Zealand
12.4.6 South Korea
12.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
12.5 South America
12.5.1 Argentina
12.5.2 Brazil
12.5.3 Chile
12.5.4 Rest of South America
12.6 Middle East & Africa
12.6.1 Saudi Arabia
12.6.2 UAE
12.6.3 Qatar
12.6.4 South Africa
12.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa
13 KEY DEVELOPMENTS
13.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
13.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
13.3 New Product Launch
13.4 Expansions
13.5 Other Key Strategies
14 COMPANY PROFILING
14.1 Wetico
14.2 Shandong Shuiheng Chemical
14.3 Aries Chemical Inc.
14.4 Chemifloc
14.5 Holland Company Inc.
14.6 Donau Chemie Ag
14.7 Cytec Industries
14.8 Akferal Su Kimyasallari
14.9 Yixing Bluwat Chemicals Co. Ltd.
14.10 Kronos Ecochem
14.11 Usalco LLC
14.12 Bauminas Quimica
14.13 Chemtrade Logistics
14.14 Dew Speciality Chemicals
14.15 GEO Specialty Chemicals, Inc.
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Region (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 2 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Plant Type (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 3 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Secondary (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 4 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Primary (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 5 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Type (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 6 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Flocculants (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 7 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Amphoteric Flocculants (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 8 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Anionic Flocculants (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 9 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Non-Ionic Flocculants (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 10 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Cationic Flocculants (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 11 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Ph Stabilizers (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 12 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Coagulant (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 13 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Inorganic Coagulant (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 14 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Ferric Chloride (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 15 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Aluminum Sulfate (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 16 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Polyaluminum Chloride (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 17 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Other Inorganic Coagulants (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 18 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Organic Coagulant (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 19 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Polydadmac (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 20 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Polyamine (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 21 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Treatment Capacity (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 22 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By More than 2000 m3/hr (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 23 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By 1000 m3/hr- 2000 m3/hr (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 24 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By 1 m3/hr - 999 m3/hr (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 25 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Material type (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 26 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Fibre-reinforced plastic (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 27 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Carbon steel (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 28 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Stainless steel (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 29 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Other Material Types (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 30 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Design (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 31 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Rectangular Water Clarifier (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 32 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Circular Global Water Clarifiers (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 33 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Application (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 34 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Waste water treatment (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 35 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Pre-Treatment (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 36 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Waste water recovery (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 37 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Potable water treatment (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 38 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Utility feed water (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 39 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Mining (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 40 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By End-User (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 41 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Metals & Mining (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 42 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Textile (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 43 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Municipal (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 44 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Petrochemicals (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 45 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Pulp & Paper (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 46 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Oil and Gas (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 47 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Power Generation (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 48 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Food and Beverage (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 49 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2016-2026) ($MN)
Note: Tables for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South Americ and Middle East and Africa are represented in above manner.
Table 1 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Region (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 2 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Plant Type (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 3 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Secondary (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 4 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Primary (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 5 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Type (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 6 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Flocculants (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 7 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Amphoteric Flocculants (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 8 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Anionic Flocculants (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 9 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Non-Ionic Flocculants (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 10 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Cationic Flocculants (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 11 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Ph Stabilizers (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 12 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Coagulant (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 13 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Inorganic Coagulant (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 14 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Ferric Chloride (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 15 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Aluminum Sulfate (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 16 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Polyaluminum Chloride (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 17 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Other Inorganic Coagulants (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 18 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Organic Coagulant (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 19 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Polydadmac (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 20 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Polyamine (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 21 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Treatment Capacity (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 22 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By More than 2000 m3/hr (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 23 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By 1000 m3/hr- 2000 m3/hr (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 24 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By 1 m3/hr - 999 m3/hr (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 25 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Material type (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 26 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Fibre-reinforced plastic (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 27 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Carbon steel (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 28 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Stainless steel (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 29 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Other Material Types (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 30 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Design (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 31 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Rectangular Water Clarifier (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 32 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Circular Global Water Clarifiers (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 33 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Application (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 34 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Waste water treatment (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 35 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Pre-Treatment (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 36 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Waste water recovery (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 37 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Potable water treatment (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 38 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Utility feed water (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 39 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Mining (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 40 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By End-User (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 41 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Metals & Mining (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 42 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Textile (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 43 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Municipal (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 44 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Petrochemicals (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 45 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Pulp & Paper (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 46 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Oil and Gas (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 47 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Power Generation (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 48 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Food and Beverage (2016-2026) ($MN)
Table 49 Global Water Clarifiers Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2016-2026) ($MN)
Note: Tables for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South Americ and Middle East and Africa are represented in above manner.