Rubber Brake Cup Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

March 2022 | 70 pages | ID: R6F10A9FDE53EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

Hydraulic brake cylinder rubber cups and rings is a basic part of brake mechanism for automobiles. It plays a role in sealing and reciprocating transmission.

This report contains market size and forecasts of Rubber Brake Cup in global, including the following market information:

Global Rubber Brake Cup Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Rubber Brake Cup Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K Units)

Global top five Rubber Brake Cup companies in 2021 (%)

The global Rubber Brake Cup market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Nitrile Rubber Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Rubber Brake Cup include Cando, Wabtec, SeekPart, Seiken, IBS Brake Parts and Kate Sealed, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Rubber Brake Cup manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Rubber Brake Cup Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Rubber Brake Cup Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Nitrile Rubber
• Other

Global Rubber Brake Cup Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Rubber Brake Cup Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Passenger Car
• Commercial Vehicle

Global Rubber Brake Cup Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Rubber Brake Cup Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Rubber Brake Cup revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Rubber Brake Cup revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Rubber Brake Cup sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K Units)

Key companies Rubber Brake Cup sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Cando
• Wabtec
• SeekPart
• Seiken
• IBS Brake Parts
• Kate Sealed

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Rubber Brake Cup Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Rubber Brake Cup Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL RUBBER BRAKE CUP OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Rubber Brake Cup Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Rubber Brake Cup Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Rubber Brake Cup Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Rubber Brake Cup Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Rubber Brake Cup Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Rubber Brake Cup Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Rubber Brake Cup Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Rubber Brake Cup Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Rubber Brake Cup Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Rubber Brake Cup Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Nitrile Rubber
  4.1.3 Other
4.2 By Type - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Rubber Brake Cup Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Passenger Car
  5.1.3 Commercial Vehicle
5.2 By Application - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Rubber Brake Cup Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Rubber Brake Cup Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Rubber Brake Cup Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Rubber Brake Cup Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Rubber Brake Cup Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Rubber Brake Cup Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Rubber Brake Cup Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Cando
  7.1.1 Cando Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Cando Business Overview
  7.1.3 Cando Rubber Brake Cup Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Cando Rubber Brake Cup Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Cando Key News
7.2 Wabtec
  7.2.1 Wabtec Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Wabtec Business Overview
  7.2.3 Wabtec Rubber Brake Cup Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Wabtec Rubber Brake Cup Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 Wabtec Key News
7.3 SeekPart
  7.3.1 SeekPart Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 SeekPart Business Overview
  7.3.3 SeekPart Rubber Brake Cup Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 SeekPart Rubber Brake Cup Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 SeekPart Key News
7.4 Seiken
  7.4.1 Seiken Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Seiken Business Overview
  7.4.3 Seiken Rubber Brake Cup Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Seiken Rubber Brake Cup Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Seiken Key News
7.5 IBS Brake Parts
  7.5.1 IBS Brake Parts Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 IBS Brake Parts Business Overview
  7.5.3 IBS Brake Parts Rubber Brake Cup Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 IBS Brake Parts Rubber Brake Cup Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 IBS Brake Parts Key News
7.6 Kate Sealed
  7.6.1 Kate Sealed Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 Kate Sealed Business Overview
  7.6.3 Kate Sealed Rubber Brake Cup Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 Kate Sealed Rubber Brake Cup Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 Kate Sealed Key News

8 GLOBAL RUBBER BRAKE CUP PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Rubber Brake Cup Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Rubber Brake Cup Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Rubber Brake Cup Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 RUBBER BRAKE CUP SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Rubber Brake Cup Industry Value Chain
10.2 Rubber Brake Cup Upstream Market
10.3 Rubber Brake Cup Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Rubber Brake Cup Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Rubber Brake Cup in Global Market
Table 2. Top Rubber Brake Cup Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Rubber Brake Cup Price (2017-2022) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Rubber Brake Cup Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Rubber Brake Cup Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Rubber Brake Cup Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Rubber Brake Cup Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Rubber Brake Cup Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Rubber Brake Cup Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Rubber Brake Cup Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Rubber Brake Cup Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Rubber Brake Cup Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Rubber Brake Cup Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Rubber Brake Cup Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Rubber Brake Cup Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Rubber Brake Cup Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Cando Corporate Summary
Table 47. Cando Rubber Brake Cup Product Offerings
Table 48. Cando Rubber Brake Cup Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Wabtec Corporate Summary
Table 50. Wabtec Rubber Brake Cup Product Offerings
Table 51. Wabtec Rubber Brake Cup Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. SeekPart Corporate Summary
Table 53. SeekPart Rubber Brake Cup Product Offerings
Table 54. SeekPart Rubber Brake Cup Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Seiken Corporate Summary
Table 56. Seiken Rubber Brake Cup Product Offerings
Table 57. Seiken Rubber Brake Cup Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. IBS Brake Parts Corporate Summary
Table 59. IBS Brake Parts Rubber Brake Cup Product Offerings
Table 60. IBS Brake Parts Rubber Brake Cup Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Kate Sealed Corporate Summary
Table 62. Kate Sealed Rubber Brake Cup Product Offerings
Table 63. Kate Sealed Rubber Brake Cup Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Rubber Brake Cup Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 65. Global Rubber Brake Cup Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 66. Global Rubber Brake Cup Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 67. Global Rubber Brake Cup Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 68. Rubber Brake Cup Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 69. Rubber Brake Cup Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 70. Rubber Brake Cup Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 71. Rubber Brake Cup Raw Materials
Table 72. Rubber Brake Cup Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 73. Typical Rubber Brake Cup Downstream
Table 74. Rubber Brake Cup Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 75. Rubber Brake Cup Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Rubber Brake Cup Segment by Type
Figure 2. Rubber Brake Cup Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Rubber Brake Cup Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Rubber Brake Cup Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Rubber Brake Cup Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Rubber Brake Cup Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Rubber Brake Cup Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Rubber Brake Cup Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Rubber Brake Cup Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Rubber Brake Cup Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Rubber Brake Cup Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Rubber Brake Cup Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Rubber Brake Cup Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Rubber Brake Cup Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Rubber Brake Cup Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Rubber Brake Cup Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Rubber Brake Cup Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Rubber Brake Cup Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Rubber Brake Cup Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Rubber Brake Cup Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Rubber Brake Cup Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Rubber Brake Cup Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Rubber Brake Cup by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Rubber Brake Cup Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels