Redox Flow Battery Market - Global Outlook and Forecast 2021-2027

March 2021 | 92 pages | ID: RA7E9254D7E8EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

This report contains market size and forecasts of Redox Flow Battery in global, including the following market information:

Global Redox Flow Battery Market Revenue, 2016-2021, 2022-2027, ($ millions)

Global Redox Flow Battery Market Sales, 2016-2021, 2022-2027, (MWh)

Global top five Redox Flow Battery companies in 2020 (%)

The global Redox Flow Battery market was valued at 256.8 million in 2020 and is projected to reach US$ 382 million by 2027, at a CAGR of 10.4% during the forecast period.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Redox Flow Battery manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Redox Flow Battery Market, By Type, 2016-2021, 2022-2027 ($ Millions) & (MWh)

Global Redox Flow Battery Market Segment Percentages, By Type, 2020 (%)

• Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
• Hybrid Flow Battery

Global Redox Flow Battery Market, By Application, 2016-2021, 2022-2027 ($ Millions) & (MWh)

Global Redox Flow Battery Market Segment Percentages, By Application, 2020 (%)

• Utility Facilities
• Renewable Energy Integration
• Others

Global Redox Flow Battery Market, By Region and Country, 2016-2021, 2022-2027 ($ Millions) & (MWh)

Global Redox Flow Battery Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2020 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Redox Flow Battery revenues in global market, 2016-2021 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Redox Flow Battery revenues share in global market, 2020 (%)

Key companies Redox Flow Battery sales in global market, 2016-2021 (Estimated), (MWh)

Key companies Redox Flow Battery sales share in global market, 2020 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Sumitomo Electric
• Dalian Rongke Power
• UniEnergy Technologies
• Gildemeister
• Primus Power
• redTENERGY Storage
• EnSync

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Redox Flow Battery Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Redox Flow Battery Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL REDOX FLOW BATTERY OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Redox Flow Battery Market Size: 2021 VS 2027
2.2 Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2016-2027
2.3 Global Redox Flow Battery Sales (Consumption): 2016-2027

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Redox Flow Battery Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Redox Flow Battery Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Redox Flow Battery Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Redox Flow Battery Price by Manufacturer (2016-2021)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Redox Flow Battery Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2020
3.7 Global Manufacturers Redox Flow Battery Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Redox Flow Battery Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Redox Flow Battery Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Redox Flow Battery Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Redox Flow Battery Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2027
  4.1.2 Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
  4.1.3 Hybrid Flow Battery
4.2 By Type - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue, 2016-2021
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue, 2022-2027
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
4.3 By Type - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales, 2016-2021
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales, 2022-2027
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
4.4 By Type - Global Redox Flow Battery Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2016-2027

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2021 & 2027
  5.1.2 Utility Facilities
  5.1.3 Renewable Energy Integration
  5.1.4 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue, 2016-2021
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue, 2022-2027
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
5.3 By Application - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales, 2016-2021
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales, 2022-2027
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
5.4 By Application - Global Redox Flow Battery Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2016-2027

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2021 & 2027
6.2 By Region - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue, 2016-2021
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue, 2022-2027
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
6.3 By Region - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales, 2016-2021
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales, 2022-2027
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Redox Flow Battery Revenue, 2016-2027
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Redox Flow Battery Sales, 2016-2027
  6.4.3 US Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.4.4 Canada Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.4.5 Mexico Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Redox Flow Battery Revenue, 2016-2027
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Redox Flow Battery Sales, 2016-2027
  6.5.3 Germany Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.5.4 France Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.5.5 U.K. Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.5.6 Italy Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.5.7 Russia Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.5.9 Benelux Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Redox Flow Battery Revenue, 2016-2027
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Redox Flow Battery Sales, 2016-2027
  6.6.3 China Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.6.4 Japan Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.6.5 South Korea Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.6.7 India Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Redox Flow Battery Revenue, 2016-2027
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Redox Flow Battery Sales, 2016-2027
  6.7.3 Brazil Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.7.4 Argentina Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Redox Flow Battery Revenue, 2016-2027
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Redox Flow Battery Sales, 2016-2027
  6.8.3 Turkey Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.8.4 Israel Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.8.6 UAE Redox Flow Battery Market Size, 2016-2027

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Sumitomo Electric
  7.1.1 Sumitomo Electric Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Sumitomo Electric Business Overview
  7.1.3 Sumitomo Electric Redox Flow Battery Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Sumitomo Electric Redox Flow Battery Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.1.5 Sumitomo Electric Key News
7.2 Dalian Rongke Power
  7.2.1 Dalian Rongke Power Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Dalian Rongke Power Business Overview
  7.2.3 Dalian Rongke Power Redox Flow Battery Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Dalian Rongke Power Redox Flow Battery Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.2.5 Dalian Rongke Power Key News
7.3 UniEnergy Technologies
  7.3.1 UniEnergy Technologies Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 UniEnergy Technologies Business Overview
  7.3.3 UniEnergy Technologies Redox Flow Battery Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 UniEnergy Technologies Redox Flow Battery Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.3.5 UniEnergy Technologies Key News
7.4 Gildemeister
  7.4.1 Gildemeister Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Gildemeister Business Overview
  7.4.3 Gildemeister Redox Flow Battery Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Gildemeister Redox Flow Battery Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.4.5 Gildemeister Key News
7.5 Primus Power
  7.5.1 Primus Power Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Primus Power Business Overview
  7.5.3 Primus Power Redox Flow Battery Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Primus Power Redox Flow Battery Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.5.5 Primus Power Key News
7.6 redTENERGY Storage
  7.6.1 redTENERGY Storage Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 redTENERGY Storage Business Overview
  7.6.3 redTENERGY Storage Redox Flow Battery Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 redTENERGY Storage Redox Flow Battery Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.6.5 redTENERGY Storage Key News
7.7 EnSync
  7.7.1 EnSync Corporate Summary
  7.7.2 EnSync Business Overview
  7.7.3 EnSync Redox Flow Battery Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 EnSync Redox Flow Battery Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.7.5 EnSync Key News

8 GLOBAL REDOX FLOW BATTERY PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Redox Flow Battery Production Capacity, 2016-2027
8.2 Redox Flow Battery Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Redox Flow Battery Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 REDOX FLOW BATTERY SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Redox Flow Battery Industry Value Chain
10.2 Redox Flow Battery Upstream Market
10.3 Redox Flow Battery Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Redox Flow Battery Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Redox Flow Battery in Global Market
Table 2. Top Redox Flow Battery Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2019)
Table 3. Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 4. Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue Share by Companies, 2016-2021
Table 5. Global Redox Flow Battery Sales by Companies, (MWh), 2016-2021
Table 6. Global Redox Flow Battery Sales Share by Companies, 2016-2021
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Redox Flow Battery Price (2016-2021) & (US$/KWh)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Redox Flow Battery Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Redox Flow Battery Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2020 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Redox Flow Battery Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2020 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2027
Table 12. By Type - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 13. By Type - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 14. By Type - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales (MWh), 2016-2021
Table 15. By Type - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales (MWh), 2022-2027
Table 16. By Application – Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2027
Table 17. By Application - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 18. By Application - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 19. By Application - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales (MWh), 2016-2021
Table 20. By Application - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales (MWh), 2022-2027
Table 21. By Region – Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2027
Table 22. By Region - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 23. By Region - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 24. By Region - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales (MWh), 2016-2021
Table 25. By Region - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales (MWh), 2022-2027
Table 26. By Country - North America Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 27. By Country - North America Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 28. By Country - North America Redox Flow Battery Sales, (MWh), 2016-2021
Table 29. By Country - North America Redox Flow Battery Sales, (MWh), 2022-2027
Table 30. By Country - Europe Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 31. By Country - Europe Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 32. By Country - Europe Redox Flow Battery Sales, (MWh), 2016-2021
Table 33. By Country - Europe Redox Flow Battery Sales, (MWh), 2022-2027
Table 34. By Region - Asia Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 35. By Region - Asia Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 36. By Region - Asia Redox Flow Battery Sales, (MWh), 2016-2021
Table 37. By Region - Asia Redox Flow Battery Sales, (MWh), 2022-2027
Table 38. By Country - South America Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 39. By Country - South America Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 40. By Country - South America Redox Flow Battery Sales, (MWh), 2016-2021
Table 41. By Country - South America Redox Flow Battery Sales, (MWh), 2022-2027
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Redox Flow Battery Sales, (MWh), 2016-2021
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Redox Flow Battery Sales, (MWh), 2022-2027
Table 46. Sumitomo Electric Corporate Summary
Table 47. Sumitomo Electric Redox Flow Battery Product Offerings
Table 48. Sumitomo Electric Redox Flow Battery Sales (MWh), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/KWh) (2016-2021)
Table 49. Dalian Rongke Power Corporate Summary
Table 50. Dalian Rongke Power Redox Flow Battery Product Offerings
Table 51. Dalian Rongke Power Redox Flow Battery Sales (MWh), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/KWh) (2016-2021)
Table 52. UniEnergy Technologies Corporate Summary
Table 53. UniEnergy Technologies Redox Flow Battery Product Offerings
Table 54. UniEnergy Technologies Redox Flow Battery Sales (MWh), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/KWh) (2016-2021)
Table 55. Gildemeister Corporate Summary
Table 56. Gildemeister Redox Flow Battery Product Offerings
Table 57. Gildemeister Redox Flow Battery Sales (MWh), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/KWh) (2016-2021)
Table 58. Primus Power Corporate Summary
Table 59. Primus Power Redox Flow Battery Product Offerings
Table 60. Primus Power Redox Flow Battery Sales (MWh), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/KWh) (2016-2021)
Table 61. redTENERGY Storage Corporate Summary
Table 62. redTENERGY Storage Redox Flow Battery Product Offerings
Table 63. redTENERGY Storage Redox Flow Battery Sales (MWh), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/KWh) (2016-2021)
Table 64. EnSync Corporate Summary
Table 65. EnSync Redox Flow Battery Product Offerings
Table 66. EnSync Redox Flow Battery Sales (MWh), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/KWh) (2016-2021)
Table 67. Redox Flow Battery Production Capacity (MWh) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2019-2021 (MWh)
Table 68. Global Redox Flow Battery Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2019-2021
Table 69. Global Redox Flow Battery Production by Region, 2016-2021 (MWh)
Table 70. Global Redox Flow Battery Production by Region, 2022-2027 (MWh)
Table 71. Redox Flow Battery Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 72. Redox Flow Battery Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 73. Redox Flow Battery Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 74. Redox Flow Battery Raw Materials
Table 75. Redox Flow Battery Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 76. Typical Redox Flow Battery Downstream
Table 77. Redox Flow Battery Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 78. Redox Flow Battery Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Redox Flow Battery Segment by Type
Figure 2. Redox Flow Battery Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Redox Flow Battery Market Overview: 2020
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Redox Flow Battery Market Size: 2021 VS 2027 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue, 2016-2027 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Redox Flow Battery Sales in Global Market: 2016-2027 (MWh)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Redox Flow Battery Revenue in 2020
Figure 9. By Type - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 10. By Type - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 11. By Type - Global Redox Flow Battery Price (US$/KWh), 2016-2027
Figure 12. By Application - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 13. By Application - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 14. By Application - Global Redox Flow Battery Price (US$/KWh), 2016-2027
Figure 15. By Region - Global Redox Flow Battery Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 16. By Region - Global Redox Flow Battery Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 17. By Country - North America Redox Flow Battery Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 18. By Country - North America Redox Flow Battery Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 19. US Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 20. Canada Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 21. Mexico Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Redox Flow Battery Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Redox Flow Battery Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 24. Germany Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 25. France Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 26. U.K. Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 27. Italy Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 28. Russia Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 30. Benelux Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Redox Flow Battery Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Redox Flow Battery Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 33. China Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 34. Japan Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 35. South Korea Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 37. India Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 38. By Country - South America Redox Flow Battery Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 39. By Country - South America Redox Flow Battery Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 40. Brazil Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 41. Argentina Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Redox Flow Battery Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Redox Flow Battery Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 44. Turkey Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 45. Israel Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 47. UAE Redox Flow Battery Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 48. Global Redox Flow Battery Production Capacity (MWh), 2016-2027
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Redox Flow Battery by Region, 2020 VS 2027
Figure 50. Redox Flow Battery Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels