Pneumatic Positioners Market - Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

March 2022 | 77 pages | ID: P175F755B7BDEN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

This report contains market size and forecasts of Pneumatic Positioners in global, including the following market information:

Global Pneumatic Positioners Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Pneumatic Positioners Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K Units)

Global top five Pneumatic Positioners companies in 2021 (%)

The global Pneumatic Positioners market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Hydraulic Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Pneumatic Positioners include ABB, Honeywell, Schneider Electric, General Electric, Emerson Electric and Flowserve, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Pneumatic Positioners manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Pneumatic Positioners Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Pneumatic Positioners Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Hydraulic
• Electric
• Others

Global Pneumatic Positioners Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Pneumatic Positioners Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Oil and Gas
• Water and Waste Water
• Power
• Chemicals
• Mining
• Others

Global Pneumatic Positioners Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Pneumatic Positioners Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Pneumatic Positioners revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Pneumatic Positioners revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Pneumatic Positioners sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K Units)

Key companies Pneumatic Positioners sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• ABB
• Honeywell
• Schneider Electric
• General Electric
• Emerson Electric
• Flowserve

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Pneumatic Positioners Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Pneumatic Positioners Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL PNEUMATIC POSITIONERS OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Pneumatic Positioners Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Pneumatic Positioners Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Pneumatic Positioners Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Pneumatic Positioners Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Pneumatic Positioners Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Pneumatic Positioners Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Pneumatic Positioners Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Pneumatic Positioners Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Pneumatic Positioners Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Pneumatic Positioners Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Hydraulic
  4.1.3 Electric
  4.1.4 Others
4.2 By Type - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Pneumatic Positioners Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Oil and Gas
  5.1.3 Water and Waste Water
  5.1.4 Power
  5.1.5 Chemicals
  5.1.6 Mining
  5.1.7 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Pneumatic Positioners Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Pneumatic Positioners Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Pneumatic Positioners Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Pneumatic Positioners Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Pneumatic Positioners Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Pneumatic Positioners Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Pneumatic Positioners Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 ABB
  7.1.1 ABB Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 ABB Business Overview
  7.1.3 ABB Pneumatic Positioners Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 ABB Pneumatic Positioners Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 ABB Key News
7.2 Honeywell
  7.2.1 Honeywell Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Honeywell Business Overview
  7.2.3 Honeywell Pneumatic Positioners Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Honeywell Pneumatic Positioners Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 Honeywell Key News
7.3 Schneider Electric
  7.3.1 Schneider Electric Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Schneider Electric Business Overview
  7.3.3 Schneider Electric Pneumatic Positioners Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Schneider Electric Pneumatic Positioners Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Schneider Electric Key News
7.4 General Electric
  7.4.1 General Electric Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 General Electric Business Overview
  7.4.3 General Electric Pneumatic Positioners Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 General Electric Pneumatic Positioners Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 General Electric Key News
7.5 Emerson Electric
  7.5.1 Emerson Electric Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Emerson Electric Business Overview
  7.5.3 Emerson Electric Pneumatic Positioners Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Emerson Electric Pneumatic Positioners Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 Emerson Electric Key News
7.6 Flowserve
  7.6.1 Flowserve Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 Flowserve Business Overview
  7.6.3 Flowserve Pneumatic Positioners Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 Flowserve Pneumatic Positioners Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 Flowserve Key News

8 GLOBAL PNEUMATIC POSITIONERS PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Pneumatic Positioners Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Pneumatic Positioners Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Pneumatic Positioners Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 PNEUMATIC POSITIONERS SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Pneumatic Positioners Industry Value Chain
10.2 Pneumatic Positioners Upstream Market
10.3 Pneumatic Positioners Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Pneumatic Positioners Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Pneumatic Positioners in Global Market
Table 2. Top Pneumatic Positioners Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Pneumatic Positioners Price (2017-2022) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Pneumatic Positioners Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Pneumatic Positioners Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Pneumatic Positioners Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Pneumatic Positioners Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Pneumatic Positioners Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Pneumatic Positioners Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Pneumatic Positioners Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Pneumatic Positioners Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Pneumatic Positioners Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Pneumatic Positioners Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Pneumatic Positioners Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Pneumatic Positioners Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Pneumatic Positioners Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. ABB Corporate Summary
Table 47. ABB Pneumatic Positioners Product Offerings
Table 48. ABB Pneumatic Positioners Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Honeywell Corporate Summary
Table 50. Honeywell Pneumatic Positioners Product Offerings
Table 51. Honeywell Pneumatic Positioners Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Schneider Electric Corporate Summary
Table 53. Schneider Electric Pneumatic Positioners Product Offerings
Table 54. Schneider Electric Pneumatic Positioners Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. General Electric Corporate Summary
Table 56. General Electric Pneumatic Positioners Product Offerings
Table 57. General Electric Pneumatic Positioners Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Emerson Electric Corporate Summary
Table 59. Emerson Electric Pneumatic Positioners Product Offerings
Table 60. Emerson Electric Pneumatic Positioners Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Flowserve Corporate Summary
Table 62. Flowserve Pneumatic Positioners Product Offerings
Table 63. Flowserve Pneumatic Positioners Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Pneumatic Positioners Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 65. Global Pneumatic Positioners Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 66. Global Pneumatic Positioners Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 67. Global Pneumatic Positioners Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 68. Pneumatic Positioners Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 69. Pneumatic Positioners Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 70. Pneumatic Positioners Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 71. Pneumatic Positioners Raw Materials
Table 72. Pneumatic Positioners Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 73. Typical Pneumatic Positioners Downstream
Table 74. Pneumatic Positioners Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 75. Pneumatic Positioners Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Pneumatic Positioners Segment by Type
Figure 2. Pneumatic Positioners Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Pneumatic Positioners Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Pneumatic Positioners Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Pneumatic Positioners Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Pneumatic Positioners Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Pneumatic Positioners Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Pneumatic Positioners Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Pneumatic Positioners Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Pneumatic Positioners Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Pneumatic Positioners Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Pneumatic Positioners Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Pneumatic Positioners Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Pneumatic Positioners Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Pneumatic Positioners Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Pneumatic Positioners Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Pneumatic Positioners Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Pneumatic Positioners Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Pneumatic Positioners Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Pneumatic Positioners Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Pneumatic Positioners Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Pneumatic Positioners Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Pneumatic Positioners by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Pneumatic Positioners Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels