Microchannel Cooler Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

August 2022 | 79 pages | ID: M35999BDBC47EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

Micro-channel cooling is commonly achieved with the aid of a heat sink consisting of a high conductivity substrate that contains a large number of parallel, small diameter channels. These heat sinks are very compact and lightweight, and by allowing the coolant to undergo phase change (boiling) along the channels, they provide heat transfer coefficients far greater than those possible with single-phase liquid counterparts.

This report contains market size and forecasts of Microchannel Cooler in global, including the following market information:

Global Microchannel Cooler Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Microchannel Cooler Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (Units)

Global top five Microchannel Cooler companies in 2021 (%)

The global Microchannel Cooler market was valued at 114.6 million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ 225.4 million by 2028, at a CAGR of 10.1% during the forecast period 2022-2028.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Array Microchannel Cooler Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Microchannel Cooler include Micro Cooling Concepts, Mikros Technologies, Stellar Industries, Rogers, Tecnisco and Oasis Materials, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Microchannel Cooler manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Microchannel Cooler Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Units)

Global Microchannel Cooler Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Array Microchannel Cooler
• Stackable Microchannel Cooler

Global Microchannel Cooler Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Units)

Global Microchannel Cooler Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Lasers and Optics
• Power Electronics
• High-Performance Computing
• Others

Global Microchannel Cooler Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Units)

Global Microchannel Cooler Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Microchannel Cooler revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Microchannel Cooler revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Microchannel Cooler sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (Units)

Key companies Microchannel Cooler sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Micro Cooling Concepts
• Mikros Technologies
• Stellar Industries
• Rogers
• Tecnisco
• Oasis Materials

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Microchannel Cooler Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Microchannel Cooler Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL MICROCHANNEL COOLER OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Microchannel Cooler Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Microchannel Cooler Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Microchannel Cooler Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Microchannel Cooler Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Microchannel Cooler Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Microchannel Cooler Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Microchannel Cooler Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Microchannel Cooler Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Microchannel Cooler Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Microchannel Cooler Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Microchannel Cooler Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Microchannel Cooler Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Array Microchannel Cooler
  4.1.3 Stackable Microchannel Cooler
4.2 By Type - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Microchannel Cooler Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Lasers and Optics
  5.1.3 Power Electronics
  5.1.4 High-Performance Computing
  5.1.5 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Microchannel Cooler Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Microchannel Cooler Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Microchannel Cooler Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Microchannel Cooler Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Microchannel Cooler Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Microchannel Cooler Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Microchannel Cooler Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Microchannel Cooler Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Microchannel Cooler Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Microchannel Cooler Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Microchannel Cooler Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Microchannel Cooler Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Micro Cooling Concepts
  7.1.1 Micro Cooling Concepts Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Micro Cooling Concepts Business Overview
  7.1.3 Micro Cooling Concepts Microchannel Cooler Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Micro Cooling Concepts Microchannel Cooler Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Micro Cooling Concepts Key News
7.2 Mikros Technologies
  7.2.1 Mikros Technologies Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Mikros Technologies Business Overview
  7.2.3 Mikros Technologies Microchannel Cooler Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Mikros Technologies Microchannel Cooler Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 Mikros Technologies Key News
7.3 Stellar Industries
  7.3.1 Stellar Industries Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Stellar Industries Business Overview
  7.3.3 Stellar Industries Microchannel Cooler Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Stellar Industries Microchannel Cooler Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Stellar Industries Key News
7.4 Rogers
  7.4.1 Rogers Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Rogers Business Overview
  7.4.3 Rogers Microchannel Cooler Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Rogers Microchannel Cooler Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Rogers Key News
7.5 Tecnisco
  7.5.1 Tecnisco Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Tecnisco Business Overview
  7.5.3 Tecnisco Microchannel Cooler Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Tecnisco Microchannel Cooler Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 Tecnisco Key News
7.6 Oasis Materials
  7.6.1 Oasis Materials Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 Oasis Materials Business Overview
  7.6.3 Oasis Materials Microchannel Cooler Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 Oasis Materials Microchannel Cooler Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 Oasis Materials Key News

8 GLOBAL MICROCHANNEL COOLER PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Microchannel Cooler Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Microchannel Cooler Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Microchannel Cooler Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 MICROCHANNEL COOLER SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Microchannel Cooler Industry Value Chain
10.2 Microchannel Cooler Upstream Market
10.3 Microchannel Cooler Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Microchannel Cooler Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Microchannel Cooler in Global Market
Table 2. Top Microchannel Cooler Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Microchannel Cooler Sales by Companies, (Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Microchannel Cooler Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Microchannel Cooler Price (2017-2022) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Microchannel Cooler Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Microchannel Cooler Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Microchannel Cooler Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales (Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales (Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales (Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales (Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales (Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales (Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Microchannel Cooler Sales, (Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Microchannel Cooler Sales, (Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Microchannel Cooler Sales, (Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Microchannel Cooler Sales, (Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Microchannel Cooler Sales, (Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Microchannel Cooler Sales, (Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Microchannel Cooler Sales, (Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Microchannel Cooler Sales, (Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Microchannel Cooler Sales, (Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Microchannel Cooler Sales, (Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Micro Cooling Concepts Corporate Summary
Table 47. Micro Cooling Concepts Microchannel Cooler Product Offerings
Table 48. Micro Cooling Concepts Microchannel Cooler Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Mikros Technologies Corporate Summary
Table 50. Mikros Technologies Microchannel Cooler Product Offerings
Table 51. Mikros Technologies Microchannel Cooler Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Stellar Industries Corporate Summary
Table 53. Stellar Industries Microchannel Cooler Product Offerings
Table 54. Stellar Industries Microchannel Cooler Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Rogers Corporate Summary
Table 56. Rogers Microchannel Cooler Product Offerings
Table 57. Rogers Microchannel Cooler Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Tecnisco Corporate Summary
Table 59. Tecnisco Microchannel Cooler Product Offerings
Table 60. Tecnisco Microchannel Cooler Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Oasis Materials Corporate Summary
Table 62. Oasis Materials Microchannel Cooler Product Offerings
Table 63. Oasis Materials Microchannel Cooler Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Microchannel Cooler Production Capacity (Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (Units)
Table 65. Global Microchannel Cooler Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 66. Global Microchannel Cooler Production by Region, 2017-2022 (Units)
Table 67. Global Microchannel Cooler Production by Region, 2023-2028 (Units)
Table 68. Microchannel Cooler Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 69. Microchannel Cooler Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 70. Microchannel Cooler Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 71. Microchannel Cooler Raw Materials
Table 72. Microchannel Cooler Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 73. Typical Microchannel Cooler Downstream
Table 74. Microchannel Cooler Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 75. Microchannel Cooler Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Microchannel Cooler Segment by Type
Figure 2. Microchannel Cooler Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Microchannel Cooler Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Microchannel Cooler Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Microchannel Cooler Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Microchannel Cooler Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Microchannel Cooler Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Microchannel Cooler Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Microchannel Cooler Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Microchannel Cooler Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Microchannel Cooler Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Microchannel Cooler Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Microchannel Cooler Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Microchannel Cooler Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Microchannel Cooler Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Microchannel Cooler Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Microchannel Cooler Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Microchannel Cooler Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Microchannel Cooler Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Microchannel Cooler Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Microchannel Cooler Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Microchannel Cooler Production Capacity (Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Microchannel Cooler by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Microchannel Cooler Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels