[email protected] +44 20 8123 2220 (UK) +1 732 587 5005 (US) Contact Us | FAQ |

In-Wheel Motors Market - Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

March 2022 | 70 pages | ID: I4F62A09612BEN
Market Monitor Global

US$ 3,250.00

E-mail Delivery (PDF)

Download PDF Leaflet

Accepted cards
Wire Transfer
Checkout Later
Need Help? Ask a Question
This report contains market size and forecasts of In-Wheel Motors in global, including the following market information:

Global In-Wheel Motors Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global In-Wheel Motors Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K Units)

Global top five In-Wheel Motors companies in 2021 (%)

The global In-Wheel Motors market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Inner Rotor Type Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of In-Wheel Motors include General Motors, Protean Electric, Tesla, LeTourneau Technologies, Printed Motor Works and ZIEHL-ABEGG, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the In-Wheel Motors manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global In-Wheel Motors Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global In-Wheel Motors Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)
  • Inner Rotor Type
  • Outer Rotor Type
Global In-Wheel Motors Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global In-Wheel Motors Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)
  • Auto Industry
  • Industrial Equiment
  • Others
Global In-Wheel Motors Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global In-Wheel Motors Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)
  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • France
    • U.K.
    • Italy
    • Russia
    • Nordic Countries
    • Benelux
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia
    • China
    • Japan
    • South Korea
    • Southeast Asia
    • India
    • Rest of Asia
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Turkey
    • Israel
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies In-Wheel Motors revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies In-Wheel Motors revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies In-Wheel Motors sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K Units)

Key companies In-Wheel Motors sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
  • General Motors
  • Protean Electric
  • Tesla
  • LeTourneau Technologies
  • Printed Motor Works
  • ZIEHL-ABEGG
1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 In-Wheel Motors Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global In-Wheel Motors Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL IN-WHEEL MOTORS OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global In-Wheel Motors Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global In-Wheel Motors Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top In-Wheel Motors Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global In-Wheel Motors Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global In-Wheel Motors Sales by Companies
3.5 Global In-Wheel Motors Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 In-Wheel Motors Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers In-Wheel Motors Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 In-Wheel Motors Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 In-Wheel Motors Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 In-Wheel Motors Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global In-Wheel Motors Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Inner Rotor Type
  4.1.3 Outer Rotor Type
4.2 By Type - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global In-Wheel Motors Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Auto Industry
  5.1.3 Industrial Equiment
  5.1.4 Others
5.2 By Application - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global In-Wheel Motors Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America In-Wheel Motors Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America In-Wheel Motors Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe In-Wheel Motors Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe In-Wheel Motors Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia In-Wheel Motors Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia In-Wheel Motors Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America In-Wheel Motors Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America In-Wheel Motors Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa In-Wheel Motors Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa In-Wheel Motors Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE In-Wheel Motors Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 General Motors
  7.1.1 General Motors Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 General Motors Business Overview
  7.1.3 General Motors In-Wheel Motors Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 General Motors In-Wheel Motors Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 General Motors Key News
7.2 Protean Electric
  7.2.1 Protean Electric Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Protean Electric Business Overview
  7.2.3 Protean Electric In-Wheel Motors Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Protean Electric In-Wheel Motors Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 Protean Electric Key News
7.3 Tesla
  7.3.1 Tesla Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Tesla Business Overview
  7.3.3 Tesla In-Wheel Motors Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Tesla In-Wheel Motors Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Tesla Key News
7.4 LeTourneau Technologies
  7.4.1 LeTourneau Technologies Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 LeTourneau Technologies Business Overview
  7.4.3 LeTourneau Technologies In-Wheel Motors Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 LeTourneau Technologies In-Wheel Motors Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 LeTourneau Technologies Key News
7.5 Printed Motor Works
  7.5.1 Printed Motor Works Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Printed Motor Works Business Overview
  7.5.3 Printed Motor Works In-Wheel Motors Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Printed Motor Works In-Wheel Motors Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 Printed Motor Works Key News
7.6 ZIEHL-ABEGG
  7.6.1 ZIEHL-ABEGG Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 ZIEHL-ABEGG Business Overview
  7.6.3 ZIEHL-ABEGG In-Wheel Motors Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 ZIEHL-ABEGG In-Wheel Motors Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 ZIEHL-ABEGG Key News

8 GLOBAL IN-WHEEL MOTORS PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global In-Wheel Motors Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 In-Wheel Motors Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global In-Wheel Motors Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 IN-WHEEL MOTORS SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 In-Wheel Motors Industry Value Chain
10.2 In-Wheel Motors Upstream Market
10.3 In-Wheel Motors Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 In-Wheel Motors Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of In-Wheel Motors in Global Market
Table 2. Top In-Wheel Motors Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global In-Wheel Motors Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global In-Wheel Motors Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers In-Wheel Motors Price (2017-2022) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers In-Wheel Motors Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 In-Wheel Motors Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 In-Wheel Motors Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America In-Wheel Motors Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America In-Wheel Motors Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe In-Wheel Motors Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe In-Wheel Motors Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia In-Wheel Motors Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia In-Wheel Motors Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America In-Wheel Motors Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America In-Wheel Motors Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa In-Wheel Motors Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa In-Wheel Motors Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. General Motors Corporate Summary
Table 47. General Motors In-Wheel Motors Product Offerings
Table 48. General Motors In-Wheel Motors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Protean Electric Corporate Summary
Table 50. Protean Electric In-Wheel Motors Product Offerings
Table 51. Protean Electric In-Wheel Motors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Tesla Corporate Summary
Table 53. Tesla In-Wheel Motors Product Offerings
Table 54. Tesla In-Wheel Motors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. LeTourneau Technologies Corporate Summary
Table 56. LeTourneau Technologies In-Wheel Motors Product Offerings
Table 57. LeTourneau Technologies In-Wheel Motors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Printed Motor Works Corporate Summary
Table 59. Printed Motor Works In-Wheel Motors Product Offerings
Table 60. Printed Motor Works In-Wheel Motors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. ZIEHL-ABEGG Corporate Summary
Table 62. ZIEHL-ABEGG In-Wheel Motors Product Offerings
Table 63. ZIEHL-ABEGG In-Wheel Motors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. In-Wheel Motors Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 65. Global In-Wheel Motors Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 66. Global In-Wheel Motors Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 67. Global In-Wheel Motors Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 68. In-Wheel Motors Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 69. In-Wheel Motors Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 70. In-Wheel Motors Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 71. In-Wheel Motors Raw Materials
Table 72. In-Wheel Motors Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 73. Typical In-Wheel Motors Downstream
Table 74. In-Wheel Motors Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 75. In-Wheel Motors Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. In-Wheel Motors Segment by Type
Figure 2. In-Wheel Motors Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global In-Wheel Motors Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global In-Wheel Motors Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. In-Wheel Motors Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by In-Wheel Motors Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global In-Wheel Motors Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global In-Wheel Motors Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global In-Wheel Motors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global In-Wheel Motors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America In-Wheel Motors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America In-Wheel Motors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe In-Wheel Motors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe In-Wheel Motors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia In-Wheel Motors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia In-Wheel Motors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America In-Wheel Motors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America In-Wheel Motors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa In-Wheel Motors Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa In-Wheel Motors Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE In-Wheel Motors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global In-Wheel Motors Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production In-Wheel Motors by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. In-Wheel Motors Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels


More Publications