Gluing Robots Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

May 2022 | 71 pages | ID: GDE9E7515AFBEN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

This report contains market size and forecasts of Gluing Robots in global, including the following market information:

Global Gluing Robots Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Gluing Robots Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K Units)

Global top five Gluing Robots companies in 2021 (%)

The global Gluing Robots market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2022-2028.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

5-axis Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Gluing Robots include Durr, FANUC, ABB, Yaskawa, KUKA, Kawasaki, Nachi-Fujikoshi, Staubli and Blumenbecker. etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Gluing Robots manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Gluing Robots Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Gluing Robots Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• 5-axis
• 6-axis

Global Gluing Robots Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Gluing Robots Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Automotive
• Industrial
• Medical & Pharmaceutical

Global Gluing Robots Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Gluing Robots Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Gluing Robots revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Gluing Robots revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Gluing Robots sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K Units)

Key companies Gluing Robots sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Durr
• FANUC
• ABB
• Yaskawa
• KUKA
• Kawasaki
• Nachi-Fujikoshi
• Staubli
• Blumenbecker

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Gluing Robots Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Gluing Robots Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL GLUING ROBOTS OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Gluing Robots Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Gluing Robots Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Gluing Robots Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Gluing Robots Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Gluing Robots Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Gluing Robots Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Gluing Robots Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Gluing Robots Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Gluing Robots Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Gluing Robots Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Gluing Robots Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Gluing Robots Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Gluing Robots Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Gluing Robots Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 5-axis
  4.1.3 6-axis
4.2 By Type - Global Gluing Robots Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Gluing Robots Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Gluing Robots Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Gluing Robots Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Gluing Robots Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Gluing Robots Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Gluing Robots Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Gluing Robots Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Gluing Robots Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Gluing Robots Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Automotive
  5.1.3 Industrial
  5.1.4 Medical & Pharmaceutical
5.2 By Application - Global Gluing Robots Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Gluing Robots Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Gluing Robots Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Gluing Robots Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Gluing Robots Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Gluing Robots Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Gluing Robots Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Gluing Robots Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Gluing Robots Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Gluing Robots Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Gluing Robots Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Gluing Robots Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Gluing Robots Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Gluing Robots Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Gluing Robots Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Gluing Robots Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Gluing Robots Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Gluing Robots Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Gluing Robots Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Gluing Robots Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Gluing Robots Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Gluing Robots Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Gluing Robots Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Gluing Robots Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Gluing Robots Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Gluing Robots Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Gluing Robots Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Gluing Robots Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Gluing Robots Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Durr
  7.1.1 Durr Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Durr Business Overview
  7.1.3 Durr Gluing Robots Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Durr Gluing Robots Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Durr Key News
7.2 FANUC
  7.2.1 FANUC Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 FANUC Business Overview
  7.2.3 FANUC Gluing Robots Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 FANUC Gluing Robots Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 FANUC Key News
7.3 ABB
  7.3.1 ABB Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 ABB Business Overview
  7.3.3 ABB Gluing Robots Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 ABB Gluing Robots Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 ABB Key News
7.4 Yaskawa
  7.4.1 Yaskawa Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Yaskawa Business Overview
  7.4.3 Yaskawa Gluing Robots Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Yaskawa Gluing Robots Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Yaskawa Key News
7.5 KUKA
  7.5.1 KUKA Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 KUKA Business Overview
  7.5.3 KUKA Gluing Robots Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 KUKA Gluing Robots Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 KUKA Key News
7.6 Kawasaki
  7.6.1 Kawasaki Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 Kawasaki Business Overview
  7.6.3 Kawasaki Gluing Robots Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 Kawasaki Gluing Robots Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 Kawasaki Key News
7.7 Nachi-Fujikoshi
  7.7.1 Nachi-Fujikoshi Corporate Summary
  7.7.2 Nachi-Fujikoshi Business Overview
  7.7.3 Nachi-Fujikoshi Gluing Robots Major Product Offerings
  7.7.4 Nachi-Fujikoshi Gluing Robots Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.7.5 Nachi-Fujikoshi Key News
7.8 Staubli
  7.8.1 Staubli Corporate Summary
  7.8.2 Staubli Business Overview
  7.8.3 Staubli Gluing Robots Major Product Offerings
  7.8.4 Staubli Gluing Robots Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.8.5 Staubli Key News
7.9 Blumenbecker
  7.9.1 Blumenbecker Corporate Summary
  7.9.2 Blumenbecker Business Overview
  7.9.3 Blumenbecker Gluing Robots Major Product Offerings
  7.9.4 Blumenbecker Gluing Robots Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.9.5 Blumenbecker Key News

8 GLOBAL GLUING ROBOTS PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Gluing Robots Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Gluing Robots Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Gluing Robots Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 GLUING ROBOTS SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Gluing Robots Industry Value Chain
10.2 Gluing Robots Upstream Market
10.3 Gluing Robots Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Gluing Robots Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Gluing Robots in Global Market
Table 2. Top Gluing Robots Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Gluing Robots Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Gluing Robots Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Gluing Robots Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Gluing Robots Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Gluing Robots Price (2017-2022) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Gluing Robots Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Gluing Robots Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Gluing Robots Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Gluing Robots Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Gluing Robots Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Gluing Robots Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Gluing Robots Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Gluing Robots Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Gluing Robots Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Gluing Robots Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Gluing Robots Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Gluing Robots Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Gluing Robots Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Gluing Robots Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Gluing Robots Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Gluing Robots Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Gluing Robots Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Gluing Robots Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Gluing Robots Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Gluing Robots Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Gluing Robots Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Gluing Robots Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Gluing Robots Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Gluing Robots Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Gluing Robots Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Durr Corporate Summary
Table 47. Durr Gluing Robots Product Offerings
Table 48. Durr Gluing Robots Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. FANUC Corporate Summary
Table 50. FANUC Gluing Robots Product Offerings
Table 51. FANUC Gluing Robots Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. ABB Corporate Summary
Table 53. ABB Gluing Robots Product Offerings
Table 54. ABB Gluing Robots Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Yaskawa Corporate Summary
Table 56. Yaskawa Gluing Robots Product Offerings
Table 57. Yaskawa Gluing Robots Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. KUKA Corporate Summary
Table 59. KUKA Gluing Robots Product Offerings
Table 60. KUKA Gluing Robots Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Kawasaki Corporate Summary
Table 62. Kawasaki Gluing Robots Product Offerings
Table 63. Kawasaki Gluing Robots Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Nachi-Fujikoshi Corporate Summary
Table 65. Nachi-Fujikoshi Gluing Robots Product Offerings
Table 66. Nachi-Fujikoshi Gluing Robots Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 67. Staubli Corporate Summary
Table 68. Staubli Gluing Robots Product Offerings
Table 69. Staubli Gluing Robots Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 70. Blumenbecker Corporate Summary
Table 71. Blumenbecker Gluing Robots Product Offerings
Table 72. Blumenbecker Gluing Robots Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 73. Gluing Robots Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 74. Global Gluing Robots Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 75. Global Gluing Robots Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 76. Global Gluing Robots Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 77. Gluing Robots Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 78. Gluing Robots Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 79. Gluing Robots Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 80. Gluing Robots Raw Materials
Table 81. Gluing Robots Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 82. Typical Gluing Robots Downstream
Table 83. Gluing Robots Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 84. Gluing Robots Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Gluing Robots Segment by Type
Figure 2. Gluing Robots Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Gluing Robots Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Gluing Robots Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Gluing Robots Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Gluing Robots Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Gluing Robots Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Gluing Robots Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Gluing Robots Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Gluing Robots Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Gluing Robots Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Gluing Robots Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Gluing Robots Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Gluing Robots Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Gluing Robots Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Gluing Robots Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Gluing Robots Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Gluing Robots Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Gluing Robots Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Gluing Robots Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Gluing Robots Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Gluing Robots Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Gluing Robots Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Gluing Robots Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Gluing Robots Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Gluing Robots Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Gluing Robots Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Gluing Robots by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Gluing Robots Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels