Global Pest Control Market Size Study, by Pest Type (Insects, Termites, Rodents, Wildlife, Other Pest Types), by Control Method (Chemicals, Biological, Mechanical, Software & Services), by Mode of Application (Powder, Sprays, Pellets, Traps, Baits), by Application (Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Livestock, Other Applications) and Regional Forecasts 2022-2032
The Global Pest Control Market is valued approximately at USD 23.28 billion in 2023 and is anticipated to grow with a healthy growth rate of more than 7.1% over the forecast period 2024-2032. Pest control encompasses the strategic management of organisms that detrimentally affect human activities, agriculture, livestock, and ecosystems. Employing a combination of biological, chemical, cultural, and mechanical methods, pest control aims to prevent, mitigate, or eliminate pests, ensuring minimal harm to crops, structures, and human health. Effective pest control measures are critical in agriculture to protect crop yields, in public health to curb the spread of pest-borne diseases, and in residential and commercial sectors to safeguard properties and assets.
The burgeoning pest control market is set to expand significantly driven by the increasing need for food security, burgeoning population, and heightened awareness of health risks associated with pests. Moreover, the rising adoption of sustainable pest control practices, technological advancements in pest management solutions, and stringent regulations promoting integrated pest control methods are pivotal factors fuelling market growth. Conversely, environmental concerns related to chemical pesticides, scarcity of skilled labour, and high costs associated with advanced pest control technologies are potential constraints to market expansion. Nonetheless, the development of bio-based and eco-friendly pest control solutions, the proliferation of digital technologies for precision pest management, and the expansion of pest control services in emerging markets present lucrative growth opportunities.
The North American region is poised to dominate the pest control market during the forecast period, underpinned by heightened awareness of health risks and economic losses from pest infestations, and significant growth in residential and commercial construction activities, particularly in the United States and Canada. This construction boom creates environments conducive to pest proliferation, thereby driving the demand for effective pest control measures. Moreover, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to grow at fastest growth rate during forecast period 2024-2032.
Major market players included in this report are:
Bayer AG
Corteva Agriscience
BASF SE
Syngenta AG
Rentokil Initial plc
Anticimex
Ecolab Inc.
FMC Corporation
De Sangosse
Bell Laboratories
The detailed segments and sub-segments of the market are explained below:
By Pest Type:
The burgeoning pest control market is set to expand significantly driven by the increasing need for food security, burgeoning population, and heightened awareness of health risks associated with pests. Moreover, the rising adoption of sustainable pest control practices, technological advancements in pest management solutions, and stringent regulations promoting integrated pest control methods are pivotal factors fuelling market growth. Conversely, environmental concerns related to chemical pesticides, scarcity of skilled labour, and high costs associated with advanced pest control technologies are potential constraints to market expansion. Nonetheless, the development of bio-based and eco-friendly pest control solutions, the proliferation of digital technologies for precision pest management, and the expansion of pest control services in emerging markets present lucrative growth opportunities.
The North American region is poised to dominate the pest control market during the forecast period, underpinned by heightened awareness of health risks and economic losses from pest infestations, and significant growth in residential and commercial construction activities, particularly in the United States and Canada. This construction boom creates environments conducive to pest proliferation, thereby driving the demand for effective pest control measures. Moreover, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to grow at fastest growth rate during forecast period 2024-2032.
Major market players included in this report are:
Bayer AG
Corteva Agriscience
BASF SE
Syngenta AG
Rentokil Initial plc
Anticimex
Ecolab Inc.
FMC Corporation
De Sangosse
Bell Laboratories
The detailed segments and sub-segments of the market are explained below:
By Pest Type:
- Insects
- Termites
- Rodents
- Wildlife
- Other Pest Types
- Chemicals
- Biological
- Mechanical
- Powder
- Sprays
- Pellets
- Traps
- Baits
- Residential
- Commercial
- Industrial
- Livestock
- Other Applications
- U.S.
- Canada
- UK
- Germany
- France
- Spain
- Italy
- ROE
- China
- India
- Japan
- Australia
- South Korea
- RoAPAC
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Saudi Arabia
- South Africa
- RoMEA
- Historical year – 2022
- Base year – 2023
- Forecast period – 2024 to 2032
- Market Estimates & Forecast for 10 years from 2022 to 2032.
- Annualized revenues and regional level analysis for each market segment.
- Detailed analysis of geographical landscape with Country level analysis of major regions.
- Competitive landscape with information on major players in the market.
- Analysis of key business strategies and recommendations on future market approach.
- Analysis of competitive structure of the market.
- Demand side and supply side analysis of the market.
CHAPTER 1. GLOBAL PEST CONTROL MARKET EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1. Global Pest Control Market Size & Forecast (2022-2032)
1.2. Regional Summary
1.3. Segmental Summary
1.3.1. By Pest Type
1.3.2. By Control Method
1.3.3. By Mode of Application
1.3.4. By Application
1.4. Key Trends
1.5. Recession Impact
1.6. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion
CHAPTER 2. GLOBAL PEST CONTROL MARKET DEFINITION AND RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
2.1. Research Objective
2.2. Market Definition
2.3. Research Assumptions
2.3.1. Inclusion & Exclusion
2.3.2. Limitations
2.3.3. Supply Side Analysis
2.3.3.1. Availability
2.3.3.2. Infrastructure
2.3.3.3. Regulatory Environment
2.3.3.4. Market Competition
2.3.3.5. Economic Viability (Consumer’s Perspective)
2.3.4. Demand Side Analysis
2.3.4.1. Regulatory frameworks
2.3.4.2. Technological Advancements
2.3.4.3. Environmental Considerations
2.3.4.4. Consumer Awareness & Acceptance
2.4. Estimation Methodology
2.5. Years Considered for the Study
2.6. Currency Conversion Rates
CHAPTER 3. GLOBAL PEST CONTROL MARKET DYNAMICS
3.1. Market Drivers
3.1.1. Growing Demand for Food Security
3.1.2. Increasing Population
3.1.3. Rise in Awareness about Health Risks
3.2. Market Challenges
3.2.1. Environmental Concerns Related to Chemical Pesticides
3.2.2. Limited Availability of Skilled Labour
3.2.3. High Costs Associated with Advanced Technologies
3.3. Market Opportunities
3.3.1. Expansion of Services in Emerging Markets
3.3.2. Development of Bio-based Solutions
3.3.3. Integration of Digital Technologies
CHAPTER 4. GLOBAL PEST CONTROL MARKET INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
4.1. Porter’s 5 Force Model
4.1.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
4.1.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
4.1.3. Threat of New Entrants
4.1.4. Threat of Substitutes
4.1.5. Competitive Rivalry
4.1.6. Futuristic Approach to Porter’s 5 Force Model
4.1.7. Porter’s 5 Force Impact Analysis
4.2. PESTEL Analysis
4.2.1. Political
4.2.2. Economical
4.2.3. Social
4.2.4. Technological
4.2.5. Environmental
4.2.6. Legal
4.3. Top investment opportunity
4.4. Top winning strategies
4.5. Disruptive Trends
4.6. Industry Expert Perspective
4.7. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion
CHAPTER 5. GLOBAL PEST CONTROL MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY PEST TYPE 2022-2032
5.1. Segment Dashboard
5.2. Global Pest Control Market: Pest Type Revenue Trend Analysis, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
5.2.1. Insects
5.2.2. Termites
5.2.3. Rodents
5.2.4. Wildlife
5.2.5. Other Pest Types
CHAPTER 6. GLOBAL PEST CONTROL MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY CONTROL METHOD 2022-2032
6.1. Segment Dashboard
6.2. Global Pest Control Market: Control Method Revenue Trend Analysis, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
6.2.1. Chemicals
6.2.2. Biological
6.2.3. Mechanical
6.2.4. Software & Services
CHAPTER 7. GLOBAL PEST CONTROL MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY MODE OF APPLICATION 2022-2032
7.1. Segment Dashboard
7.2. Global Pest Control Market: Mode of Application Revenue Trend Analysis, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
7.2.1. Powder
7.2.2. Sprays
7.2.3. Pellets
7.2.4. Traps
7.2.5. Baits
CHAPTER 8. GLOBAL PEST CONTROL MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY APPLICATION 2022-2032
8.1. Segment Dashboard
8.2. Global Pest Control Market: Application Revenue Trend Analysis, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
8.2.1. Residential
8.2.2. Commercial
8.2.3. Industrial
8.2.4. Livestock
8.2.5. Other Applications
CHAPTER 9. GLOBAL PEST CONTROL MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY REGION 2022-2032
9.1. North America Pest Control Market
9.1.1. U.S. Pest Control Market
9.1.1.1. Pest Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
9.1.1.2. Control Method breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
9.1.1.3. Mode of Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
9.1.1.4. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
9.1.2. Canada Pest Control Market
9.2. Europe Pest Control Market
9.2.1. UK Pest Control Market
9.2.2. Germany Pest Control Market
9.2.3. France Pest Control Market
9.2.4. Spain Pest Control Market
9.2.5. Italy Pest Control Market
9.2.6. Rest of Europe Pest Control Market
9.3. Asia-Pacific Pest Control Market
9.3.1. China Pest Control Market
9.3.2. India Pest Control Market
9.3.3. Japan Pest Control Market
9.3.4. Australia Pest Control Market
9.3.5. South Korea Pest Control Market
9.3.6. Rest of Asia Pacific Pest Control Market
9.4. Latin America Pest Control Market
9.4.1. Brazil Pest Control Market
9.4.2. Mexico Pest Control Market
9.4.3. Rest of Latin America Pest Control Market
9.5. Middle East & Africa Pest Control Market
9.5.1. Saudi Arabia Pest Control Market
9.5.2. South Africa Pest Control Market
9.5.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa Pest Control Market
CHAPTER 10. COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE
10.1. Key Company SWOT Analysis
10.1.1. Company
10.1.2. Company
10.1.3. Company
10.2. Top Market Strategies
10.3. Company Profiles
10.3.1. Bayer AG
103.1.1. Key Information
10.3.1.2. Overview
10.3.1.3. Financial (Subject to Data Availability)
10.3.1.4. Product Summary
10.3.1.5. Market Strategies
10.3.2. Corteva Agriscience
10.3.3. BASF SE
10.3.4. Syngenta AG
10.3.5. Rentokil Initial plc
10.3.6. Anticimex
10.3.7. Ecolab Inc.
10.3.8. FMC Corporation
10.3.9. De Sangosse
10.3.10. Bell Laboratories
CHAPTER 11. RESEARCH PROCESS
11.1. Research Process
11.1.1. Data Mining
11.1.2. Analysis
11.1.3. Market Estimation
11.1.4. Validation
11.1.5. Publishing
11.2. Research Attributes
1.1. Global Pest Control Market Size & Forecast (2022-2032)
1.2. Regional Summary
1.3. Segmental Summary
1.3.1. By Pest Type
1.3.2. By Control Method
1.3.3. By Mode of Application
1.3.4. By Application
1.4. Key Trends
1.5. Recession Impact
1.6. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion
CHAPTER 2. GLOBAL PEST CONTROL MARKET DEFINITION AND RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
2.1. Research Objective
2.2. Market Definition
2.3. Research Assumptions
2.3.1. Inclusion & Exclusion
2.3.2. Limitations
2.3.3. Supply Side Analysis
2.3.3.1. Availability
2.3.3.2. Infrastructure
2.3.3.3. Regulatory Environment
2.3.3.4. Market Competition
2.3.3.5. Economic Viability (Consumer’s Perspective)
2.3.4. Demand Side Analysis
2.3.4.1. Regulatory frameworks
2.3.4.2. Technological Advancements
2.3.4.3. Environmental Considerations
2.3.4.4. Consumer Awareness & Acceptance
2.4. Estimation Methodology
2.5. Years Considered for the Study
2.6. Currency Conversion Rates
CHAPTER 3. GLOBAL PEST CONTROL MARKET DYNAMICS
3.1. Market Drivers
3.1.1. Growing Demand for Food Security
3.1.2. Increasing Population
3.1.3. Rise in Awareness about Health Risks
3.2. Market Challenges
3.2.1. Environmental Concerns Related to Chemical Pesticides
3.2.2. Limited Availability of Skilled Labour
3.2.3. High Costs Associated with Advanced Technologies
3.3. Market Opportunities
3.3.1. Expansion of Services in Emerging Markets
3.3.2. Development of Bio-based Solutions
3.3.3. Integration of Digital Technologies
CHAPTER 4. GLOBAL PEST CONTROL MARKET INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
4.1. Porter’s 5 Force Model
4.1.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
4.1.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
4.1.3. Threat of New Entrants
4.1.4. Threat of Substitutes
4.1.5. Competitive Rivalry
4.1.6. Futuristic Approach to Porter’s 5 Force Model
4.1.7. Porter’s 5 Force Impact Analysis
4.2. PESTEL Analysis
4.2.1. Political
4.2.2. Economical
4.2.3. Social
4.2.4. Technological
4.2.5. Environmental
4.2.6. Legal
4.3. Top investment opportunity
4.4. Top winning strategies
4.5. Disruptive Trends
4.6. Industry Expert Perspective
4.7. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion
CHAPTER 5. GLOBAL PEST CONTROL MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY PEST TYPE 2022-2032
5.1. Segment Dashboard
5.2. Global Pest Control Market: Pest Type Revenue Trend Analysis, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
5.2.1. Insects
5.2.2. Termites
5.2.3. Rodents
5.2.4. Wildlife
5.2.5. Other Pest Types
CHAPTER 6. GLOBAL PEST CONTROL MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY CONTROL METHOD 2022-2032
6.1. Segment Dashboard
6.2. Global Pest Control Market: Control Method Revenue Trend Analysis, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
6.2.1. Chemicals
6.2.2. Biological
6.2.3. Mechanical
6.2.4. Software & Services
CHAPTER 7. GLOBAL PEST CONTROL MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY MODE OF APPLICATION 2022-2032
7.1. Segment Dashboard
7.2. Global Pest Control Market: Mode of Application Revenue Trend Analysis, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
7.2.1. Powder
7.2.2. Sprays
7.2.3. Pellets
7.2.4. Traps
7.2.5. Baits
CHAPTER 8. GLOBAL PEST CONTROL MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY APPLICATION 2022-2032
8.1. Segment Dashboard
8.2. Global Pest Control Market: Application Revenue Trend Analysis, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
8.2.1. Residential
8.2.2. Commercial
8.2.3. Industrial
8.2.4. Livestock
8.2.5. Other Applications
CHAPTER 9. GLOBAL PEST CONTROL MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY REGION 2022-2032
9.1. North America Pest Control Market
9.1.1. U.S. Pest Control Market
9.1.1.1. Pest Type breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
9.1.1.2. Control Method breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
9.1.1.3. Mode of Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
9.1.1.4. Application breakdown size & forecasts, 2022-2032
9.1.2. Canada Pest Control Market
9.2. Europe Pest Control Market
9.2.1. UK Pest Control Market
9.2.2. Germany Pest Control Market
9.2.3. France Pest Control Market
9.2.4. Spain Pest Control Market
9.2.5. Italy Pest Control Market
9.2.6. Rest of Europe Pest Control Market
9.3. Asia-Pacific Pest Control Market
9.3.1. China Pest Control Market
9.3.2. India Pest Control Market
9.3.3. Japan Pest Control Market
9.3.4. Australia Pest Control Market
9.3.5. South Korea Pest Control Market
9.3.6. Rest of Asia Pacific Pest Control Market
9.4. Latin America Pest Control Market
9.4.1. Brazil Pest Control Market
9.4.2. Mexico Pest Control Market
9.4.3. Rest of Latin America Pest Control Market
9.5. Middle East & Africa Pest Control Market
9.5.1. Saudi Arabia Pest Control Market
9.5.2. South Africa Pest Control Market
9.5.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa Pest Control Market
CHAPTER 10. COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE
10.1. Key Company SWOT Analysis
10.1.1. Company
10.1.2. Company
10.1.3. Company
10.2. Top Market Strategies
10.3. Company Profiles
10.3.1. Bayer AG
103.1.1. Key Information
10.3.1.2. Overview
10.3.1.3. Financial (Subject to Data Availability)
10.3.1.4. Product Summary
10.3.1.5. Market Strategies
10.3.2. Corteva Agriscience
10.3.3. BASF SE
10.3.4. Syngenta AG
10.3.5. Rentokil Initial plc
10.3.6. Anticimex
10.3.7. Ecolab Inc.
10.3.8. FMC Corporation
10.3.9. De Sangosse
10.3.10. Bell Laboratories
CHAPTER 11. RESEARCH PROCESS
11.1. Research Process
11.1.1. Data Mining
11.1.2. Analysis
11.1.3. Market Estimation
11.1.4. Validation
11.1.5. Publishing
11.2. Research Attributes
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1. Global Pest Control Market, report scope
TABLE 2. Global Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Region 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 3. Global Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Pest Type 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 4. Global Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Control Method 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 5. Global Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Mode of Application 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 6. Global Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Application 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 7. U.S. Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 8. U.S. Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Pest Type 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 9. U.S. Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Control Method 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 10. U.S. Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Mode of Application 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 11. U.S. Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Application 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 12. Canada Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 13. Canada Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Pest Type 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 14. Canada Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Control Method 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 15. Canada Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Mode of Application 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 16. Canada Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Application 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
...
This list is not complete, final report does contain more than 100 tables. The list may be updated in the final deliverable.
TABLE 1. Global Pest Control Market, report scope
TABLE 2. Global Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Region 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 3. Global Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Pest Type 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 4. Global Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Control Method 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 5. Global Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Mode of Application 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 6. Global Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Application 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 7. U.S. Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 8. U.S. Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Pest Type 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 9. U.S. Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Control Method 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 10. U.S. Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Mode of Application 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 11. U.S. Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Application 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 12. Canada Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts, 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 13. Canada Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Pest Type 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 14. Canada Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Control Method 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 15. Canada Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Mode of Application 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
TABLE 16. Canada Pest Control Market estimates & forecasts by Application 2022-2032 (USD Billion)
...
This list is not complete, final report does contain more than 100 tables. The list may be updated in the final deliverable.
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG 1. Global Pest Control Market, research methodology
FIG 2. Global Pest Control Market, market estimation techniques
FIG 3. Global market size estimates & forecast methods.
FIG 4. Global Pest Control Market, key trends 2023
FIG 5. Global Pest Control Market, growth prospects 2022-2032
FIG 6. Global Pest Control Market, porters 5 force model
FIG 7. Global Pest Control Market, PESTEL analysis
FIG 8. Global Pest Control Market, value chain analysis
FIG 9. Global Pest Control Market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 10. Global Pest Control Market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 11. Global Pest Control Market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 12. Global Pest Control Market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 13. Global Pest Control Market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 14. Global Pest Control Market, regional snapshot 2022 & 2032
FIG 15. North America Pest Control Market 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 16. Europe Pest Control Market 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 17. Asia-Pacific Pest Control Market 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 18. Latin America Pest Control Market 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 19. Middle East & Africa Pest Control Market 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 20. Global Pest Control Market, company market share analysis (2023)
...
This list is not complete, final report does contain more than 50 figures. The list may be updated in the final deliverable.
FIG 1. Global Pest Control Market, research methodology
FIG 2. Global Pest Control Market, market estimation techniques
FIG 3. Global market size estimates & forecast methods.
FIG 4. Global Pest Control Market, key trends 2023
FIG 5. Global Pest Control Market, growth prospects 2022-2032
FIG 6. Global Pest Control Market, porters 5 force model
FIG 7. Global Pest Control Market, PESTEL analysis
FIG 8. Global Pest Control Market, value chain analysis
FIG 9. Global Pest Control Market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 10. Global Pest Control Market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 11. Global Pest Control Market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 12. Global Pest Control Market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 13. Global Pest Control Market by segment, 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 14. Global Pest Control Market, regional snapshot 2022 & 2032
FIG 15. North America Pest Control Market 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 16. Europe Pest Control Market 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 17. Asia-Pacific Pest Control Market 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 18. Latin America Pest Control Market 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 19. Middle East & Africa Pest Control Market 2022 & 2032 (USD Billion)
FIG 20. Global Pest Control Market, company market share analysis (2023)
...
This list is not complete, final report does contain more than 50 figures. The list may be updated in the final deliverable.
