Global Nuclear decommissioning services Market Size study, by Reactor Type (PWR, BWR, & GCR), by Strategy (Immediate Dismantling, Deferred Dismantling, and Entombment), by Capacity (Up to 800 MW, 801 MW-1,000 MW, and Above 1,000 MW) and by Regional Forecasts 2017-2025
Global Nuclear decommissioning services Market to reach USD 13.5 billion by 2025.
Global Nuclear decommissioning services Market valued approximately USD 4.84 billion in 2016 is anticipated to grow with a healthy growth rate of more than 12.1% over the forecast period 2017-2025. Key factors which give growth to the nuclear decommissioning services market are Nuclear accidents, such as the Fukushima Daichii nuclear power plant accident in 2011, and rising political pressure for pre-closure of nuclear power plants, especially in the European countries, are expected to drive the market.
The objective of the study is to define market sizes of different segments & countries in recent years and to forecast the values to the coming eight years. The report is designed to incorporate both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the industry within each of the regions and countries involved in the study. Furthermore, the report also caters the detailed information about the crucial aspects such as driving factors & challenges which will define the future growth of the market. Additionally, the report shall also incorporate available opportunities in micro markets for stakeholders to invest along with the detailed analysis of competitive landscape and product offerings of key players. The detailed segments and sub-segment of the market are explained below:
By Reactor type:
Historical year – 2015
Base year – 2016
Forecast period – 2017 to 2025
Some of the key manufacturers involved in the market Aecom, Areva group, Studsvik AB, Enercon services, Energy solutions, GD Energy services-nuclear, Nuvia group, Onet technologies, Sogin SPA. Acquisitions and effective mergers are some of the strategies adopted by the key manufacturers. New product launches and continuous technological innovations are the key strategies adopted by the major players.
Target Audience of the Global Nuclear decommissioning services Market in Market Study:
Global Nuclear decommissioning services Market valued approximately USD 4.84 billion in 2016 is anticipated to grow with a healthy growth rate of more than 12.1% over the forecast period 2017-2025. Key factors which give growth to the nuclear decommissioning services market are Nuclear accidents, such as the Fukushima Daichii nuclear power plant accident in 2011, and rising political pressure for pre-closure of nuclear power plants, especially in the European countries, are expected to drive the market.
The objective of the study is to define market sizes of different segments & countries in recent years and to forecast the values to the coming eight years. The report is designed to incorporate both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the industry within each of the regions and countries involved in the study. Furthermore, the report also caters the detailed information about the crucial aspects such as driving factors & challenges which will define the future growth of the market. Additionally, the report shall also incorporate available opportunities in micro markets for stakeholders to invest along with the detailed analysis of competitive landscape and product offerings of key players. The detailed segments and sub-segment of the market are explained below:
By Reactor type:
- PWR
- BWR
- GCR
- Immediate dismantling
- Deferred dismantling
- Entombment
- Upto 800 MW
- 800 MW-1000 MW
- Above 800 MW
- North America
- U.S.
- Canada
- Europe
- UK
- Germany
- Asia Pacific
- China
- India
- Japan
- Latin America
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Rest of the World
Historical year – 2015
Base year – 2016
Forecast period – 2017 to 2025
Some of the key manufacturers involved in the market Aecom, Areva group, Studsvik AB, Enercon services, Energy solutions, GD Energy services-nuclear, Nuvia group, Onet technologies, Sogin SPA. Acquisitions and effective mergers are some of the strategies adopted by the key manufacturers. New product launches and continuous technological innovations are the key strategies adopted by the major players.
Target Audience of the Global Nuclear decommissioning services Market in Market Study:
- Key Consulting Companies & Advisors
- Large, medium-sized, and small enterprises
- Venture capitalists
- Value-Added Resellers (VARs)
- Third-party knowledge providers
- Investment bankers
- Investors
CHAPTER 1. GLOBAL NUCLEAR DECOMMISSIONING SERVICES MARKET DEFINITION AND SCOPE
1.1. Research Objective
1.2. Market Definition
1.3. Scope of The Study
1.4. Years Considered for The Study
1.5. Currency Conversion Rates
1.6. Report Limitation
CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1. Research Process
2.1.1. Data Mining
2.1.2. Analysis
2.1.3. Market Estimation
2.1.4. Validation
2.1.5. Publishing
2.2. Research Assumption
CHAPTER 3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3.1. Global & Segmental Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
3.2. Key Trends
CHAPTER 4. GLOBAL NUCLEAR DECOMMISSIONING SERVICES MARKET DYNAMICS
4.1. Growth Prospects
4.1.1. Drivers
4.1.2. Restraints
4.1.3. Opportunities
4.2. Industry Analysis
4.2.1. Porter’s 5 Force Model
4.2.2. PEST Analysis
4.2.3. Value Chain Analysis
4.3. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion
CHAPTER 5. GLOBAL NUCLEAR DECOMMISSIONING SERVICES MARKET, BY REACTOR TYPE
5.1. Market Snapshot
5.2. Market Performance - Potential Model
5.3. Global Nuclear decommissioning services Market, Sub Segment Analysis
5.3.1. PWR
5.3.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.3.1.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.3.2. BWR
5.3.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.3.2.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.3.3. GCR
5.3.3.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.3.3.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
CHAPTER 6. GLOBAL NUCLEAR DECOMMISSIONING SERVICES MARKET, BY STRATEGY
6.1. Market Snapshot
6.2. Market Performance - Potential Model
6.3. Global Nuclear decommissioning services Market, Sub Segment Analysis
6.3.1. Immediate dismantling
6.3.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.3.1.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.3.2. Deferred dismantling
6.3.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.3.2.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.3.3. Entombment
6.3.3.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.3.3.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
CHAPTER 7. GLOBAL NUCLEAR DECOMMISSIONING SERVICES MARKET, BY CAPACITY
7.1. Market Snapshot
7.2. Market Performance - Potential Model
7.3. Global Nuclear decommissioning services Market, Sub Segment Analysis
7.3.1. Up to 800 MW
7.3.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.1.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.2. 800 MW-1000 MW
7.3.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.2.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.3. Above 1000 MW
7.3.3.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.3.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
CHAPTER 8. GLOBAL NUCLEAR DECOMMISSIONING SERVICES MARKET, BY REGIONAL ANALYSIS
8.1. Nuclear decommissioning services Market, Regional Market Snapshot (2015-2025)
8.2. North America Nuclear decommissioning services Market Snapshot
8.2.1. U.S.
8.2.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.2.1.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.2.1.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.2.1.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.2.2. Canada
8.2.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.2.2.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.2.2.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.2.2.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3. Europe Nuclear decommissioning services Market Snapshot
8.3.1. U.K.
8.3.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.1.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.1.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.1.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.2. Germany
8.3.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.2.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.2.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.2.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.3. France
8.3.3.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.3.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.3.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.3.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.4. Rest of Europe
8.3.4.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.4.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.4.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.4.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4. Asia Nuclear decommissioning services Market Snapshot
8.4.1. China
8.4.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.1.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.1.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.1.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.2. India
8.4.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.2.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.2.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.2.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.3. Japan
8.4.3.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.3.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.3.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.3.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.4. Rest of Asia Pacific
8.4.4.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.4.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.4.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.4.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.5. Latin America Nuclear decommissioning services Market Snapshot
8.5.1. Brazil
8.5.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.5.1.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.5.1.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.5.1.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.5.2. Mexico
8.5.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.5.2.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.5.2.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.5.2.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.6. Rest of The World
8.6.1. South America
8.6.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.6.1.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.6.1.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.6.1.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.6.2. Middle East and Africa
8.6.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.6.2.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.6.2.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.6.2.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
CHAPTER 9. COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE
9.1. Company Market Share (Subject to Data Availability)
9.2. Top Market Strategies
9.3. Company Profiles
9.3.1. Aecom
9.3.1.1. Overview
9.3.1.2. Financial (Subject to Data Availability)
9.3.1.3. Product Summary
9.3.1.4. Recent Developments
9.3.2. Areva group
9.3.3. Studsvik AB
9.3.4. Enercon services
9.3.5. Energy solutions
9.3.6. GD energy services-nuclear
9.3.7. Nuvia group
9.3.8. Onet technologies
9.3.9. Sogin SPA
1.1. Research Objective
1.2. Market Definition
1.3. Scope of The Study
1.4. Years Considered for The Study
1.5. Currency Conversion Rates
1.6. Report Limitation
CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1. Research Process
2.1.1. Data Mining
2.1.2. Analysis
2.1.3. Market Estimation
2.1.4. Validation
2.1.5. Publishing
2.2. Research Assumption
CHAPTER 3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3.1. Global & Segmental Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
3.2. Key Trends
CHAPTER 4. GLOBAL NUCLEAR DECOMMISSIONING SERVICES MARKET DYNAMICS
4.1. Growth Prospects
4.1.1. Drivers
4.1.2. Restraints
4.1.3. Opportunities
4.2. Industry Analysis
4.2.1. Porter’s 5 Force Model
4.2.2. PEST Analysis
4.2.3. Value Chain Analysis
4.3. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion
CHAPTER 5. GLOBAL NUCLEAR DECOMMISSIONING SERVICES MARKET, BY REACTOR TYPE
5.1. Market Snapshot
5.2. Market Performance - Potential Model
5.3. Global Nuclear decommissioning services Market, Sub Segment Analysis
5.3.1. PWR
5.3.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.3.1.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.3.2. BWR
5.3.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.3.2.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.3.3. GCR
5.3.3.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.3.3.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
CHAPTER 6. GLOBAL NUCLEAR DECOMMISSIONING SERVICES MARKET, BY STRATEGY
6.1. Market Snapshot
6.2. Market Performance - Potential Model
6.3. Global Nuclear decommissioning services Market, Sub Segment Analysis
6.3.1. Immediate dismantling
6.3.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.3.1.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.3.2. Deferred dismantling
6.3.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.3.2.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.3.3. Entombment
6.3.3.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.3.3.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
CHAPTER 7. GLOBAL NUCLEAR DECOMMISSIONING SERVICES MARKET, BY CAPACITY
7.1. Market Snapshot
7.2. Market Performance - Potential Model
7.3. Global Nuclear decommissioning services Market, Sub Segment Analysis
7.3.1. Up to 800 MW
7.3.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.1.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.2. 800 MW-1000 MW
7.3.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.2.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.3. Above 1000 MW
7.3.3.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.3.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
CHAPTER 8. GLOBAL NUCLEAR DECOMMISSIONING SERVICES MARKET, BY REGIONAL ANALYSIS
8.1. Nuclear decommissioning services Market, Regional Market Snapshot (2015-2025)
8.2. North America Nuclear decommissioning services Market Snapshot
8.2.1. U.S.
8.2.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.2.1.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.2.1.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.2.1.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.2.2. Canada
8.2.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.2.2.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.2.2.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.2.2.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3. Europe Nuclear decommissioning services Market Snapshot
8.3.1. U.K.
8.3.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.1.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.1.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.1.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.2. Germany
8.3.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.2.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.2.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.2.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.3. France
8.3.3.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.3.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.3.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.3.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.4. Rest of Europe
8.3.4.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.4.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.4.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.3.4.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4. Asia Nuclear decommissioning services Market Snapshot
8.4.1. China
8.4.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.1.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.1.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.1.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.2. India
8.4.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.2.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.2.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.2.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.3. Japan
8.4.3.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.3.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.3.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.3.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.4. Rest of Asia Pacific
8.4.4.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.4.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.4.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.4.4.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.5. Latin America Nuclear decommissioning services Market Snapshot
8.5.1. Brazil
8.5.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.5.1.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.5.1.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.5.1.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.5.2. Mexico
8.5.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.5.2.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.5.2.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.5.2.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.6. Rest of The World
8.6.1. South America
8.6.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.6.1.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.6.1.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.6.1.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.6.2. Middle East and Africa
8.6.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.6.2.2. Reactor type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.6.2.3. Strategy breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
8.6.2.4. Capacity breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
CHAPTER 9. COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE
9.1. Company Market Share (Subject to Data Availability)
9.2. Top Market Strategies
9.3. Company Profiles
9.3.1. Aecom
9.3.1.1. Overview
9.3.1.2. Financial (Subject to Data Availability)
9.3.1.3. Product Summary
9.3.1.4. Recent Developments
9.3.2. Areva group
9.3.3. Studsvik AB
9.3.4. Enercon services
9.3.5. Energy solutions
9.3.6. GD energy services-nuclear
9.3.7. Nuvia group
9.3.8. Onet technologies
9.3.9. Sogin SPA