[email protected] +44 20 8123 2220 (UK) +1 732 587 5005 (US) Contact Us | FAQ |

Global Hemodialysis Market Research Report with Opportunities and Strategies to Boost Growth- COVID-19 Impact and Recovery

December 2021 | 103 pages | ID: G94A5D9721D9EN
Maia Research

US$ 3,500.00

E-mail Delivery (PDF)

Download PDF Leaflet

Accepted cards
Wire Transfer
Checkout Later
Need Help? Ask a Question
Based on the Hemodialysis market development status, competitive landscape and development model in different regions of the world, this report is dedicated to providing niche markets, potential risks and comprehensive competitive strategy analysis in different fields. From the competitive advantages of different types of products and services, the development opportunities and consumption characteristics and structure analysis of the downstream application fields are all analyzed in detail. To Boost Growth during the epidemic era, this report analyzes in detail for the potential risks and opportunities which can be focused on.

In Chapter 2.4 of the report, we share our perspectives for the impact of COVID-19 from the long and short term.
In chapter 3.4, we provide the influence of the crisis on the industry chain, especially for marketing channels.
In chapters 8-13, we update the timely industry economic revitalization plan of the country-wise government.

Key players in the global Hemodialysis market covered in Chapter 5:
Nipro
Fresenius
Baxter and Gambro
Bellco
B.Braum
Asahi Kasei
Nikkiso
Shanwaishan
Toray
WEGO

In Chapter 6, on the basis of types, the Hemodialysis market from 2015 to 2025 is primarily split into:
Conventional (3 times per week)
Daily (6 days a week)
Nocturnal (3-6 nights per week)

In Chapter 7, on the basis of applications, the Hemodialysis market from 2015 to 2025 covers:
Equipment
Consumable
Drug
Service

Geographically, the detailed analysis of consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate, historic and forecast (2015-2025) of the following regions are covered in Chapter 8-13:
North America (Covered in Chapter 9)
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe (Covered in Chapter 10)
Germany
UK
France
Italy
Spain
Russia
Others
Asia-Pacific (Covered in Chapter 11)
China
Japan
South Korea
Australia
India
South America (Covered in Chapter 12)
Brazil
Argentina
Columbia
Middle East and Africa (Covered in Chapter 13)
UAE
Egypt
South Africa

Years considered for this report:
Historical Years: 2015-2019
Base Year: 2019
Estimated Year: 2020
Forecast Period: 2020-2025
1 MARKET OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Definition and Market Characteristics
1.2 Global Hemodialysis Market Size
1.3 Market Segmentation
1.4 Global Macroeconomic Analysis
1.5 SWOT Analysis

2. MARKET DYNAMICS

2.1 Market Drivers
2.2 Market Constraints and Challenges
2.3 Emerging Market Trends
2.4 Impact of COVID-19
  2.4.1 Short-term Impact
  2.4.2 Long-term Impact

3 ASSOCIATED INDUSTRY ASSESSMENT

3.1 Supply Chain Analysis
3.2 Industry Active Participants
  3.2.1 Suppliers of Raw Materials
  3.2.2 Key Distributors/Retailers
3.3 Alternative Analysis
3.4 The Impact of Covid-19 From the Perspective of Industry Chain

4 MARKET COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

4.1 Industry Leading Players
4.2 Industry News
  4.2.1 Key Product Launch News
  4.2.2 M&A and Expansion Plans

5 ANALYSIS OF LEADING COMPANIES

5.1 Nipro
  5.1.1 Nipro Company Profile
  5.1.2 Nipro Business Overview
  5.1.3 Nipro Hemodialysis Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  5.1.4 Nipro Hemodialysis Products Introduction
5.2 Fresenius
  5.2.1 Fresenius Company Profile
  5.2.2 Fresenius Business Overview
  5.2.3 Fresenius Hemodialysis Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  5.2.4 Fresenius Hemodialysis Products Introduction
5.3 Baxter and Gambro
  5.3.1 Baxter and Gambro Company Profile
  5.3.2 Baxter and Gambro Business Overview
  5.3.3 Baxter and Gambro Hemodialysis Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  5.3.4 Baxter and Gambro Hemodialysis Products Introduction
5.4 Bellco
  5.4.1 Bellco Company Profile
  5.4.2 Bellco Business Overview
  5.4.3 Bellco Hemodialysis Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  5.4.4 Bellco Hemodialysis Products Introduction
5.5 B.Braum
  5.5.1 B.Braum Company Profile
  5.5.2 B.Braum Business Overview
  5.5.3 B.Braum Hemodialysis Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  5.5.4 B.Braum Hemodialysis Products Introduction
5.6 Asahi Kasei
  5.6.1 Asahi Kasei Company Profile
  5.6.2 Asahi Kasei Business Overview
  5.6.3 Asahi Kasei Hemodialysis Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  5.6.4 Asahi Kasei Hemodialysis Products Introduction
5.7 Nikkiso
  5.7.1 Nikkiso Company Profile
  5.7.2 Nikkiso Business Overview
  5.7.3 Nikkiso Hemodialysis Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  5.7.4 Nikkiso Hemodialysis Products Introduction
5.8 Shanwaishan
  5.8.1 Shanwaishan Company Profile
  5.8.2 Shanwaishan Business Overview
  5.8.3 Shanwaishan Hemodialysis Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  5.8.4 Shanwaishan Hemodialysis Products Introduction
5.9 Toray
  5.9.1 Toray Company Profile
  5.9.2 Toray Business Overview
  5.9.3 Toray Hemodialysis Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  5.9.4 Toray Hemodialysis Products Introduction
5.10 WEGO
  5.10.1 WEGO Company Profile
  5.10.2 WEGO Business Overview
  5.10.3 WEGO Hemodialysis Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  5.10.4 WEGO Hemodialysis Products Introduction

6 MARKET ANALYSIS AND FORECAST, BY PRODUCT TYPES

6.1 Global Hemodialysis Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
  6.1.1 Global Hemodialysis Sales and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
  6.1.2 Global Hemodialysis Revenue and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
  6.1.3 Global Hemodialysis Price by Types (2015-2020)
6.2 Global Hemodialysis Market Forecast by Types (2020-2025)
  6.2.1 Global Hemodialysis Market Forecast Sales and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)
  6.2.2 Global Hemodialysis Market Forecast Revenue and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)
6.3 Global Hemodialysis Sales, Price and Growth Rate by Types (2015-2020)
  6.3.1 Global Hemodialysis Sales, Price and Growth Rate of Conventional (3 times per week)
  6.3.2 Global Hemodialysis Sales, Price and Growth Rate of Daily (6 days a week)
  6.3.3 Global Hemodialysis Sales, Price and Growth Rate of Nocturnal (3-6 nights per week)
6.4 Global Hemodialysis Market Revenue and Sales Forecast, by Types (2020-2025)
  6.4.1 Conventional (3 times per week) Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
  6.4.2 Daily (6 days a week) Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
  6.4.3 Nocturnal (3-6 nights per week) Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)

7 MARKET ANALYSIS AND FORECAST, BY APPLICATIONS

7.1 Global Hemodialysis Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
  7.1.1 Global Hemodialysis Sales and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
  7.1.2 Global Hemodialysis Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
7.2 Global Hemodialysis Market Forecast by Applications (2020-2025)
  7.2.1 Global Hemodialysis Market Forecast Sales and Market Share by Applications (2020-2025)
  7.2.2 Global Hemodialysis Market Forecast Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2020-2025)
7.3 Global Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate by Applications (2015-2020)
  7.3.1 Global Hemodialysis Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Equipment (2015-2020)
  7.3.2 Global Hemodialysis Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Consumable (2015-2020)
  7.3.3 Global Hemodialysis Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Drug (2015-2020)
  7.3.4 Global Hemodialysis Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Service (2015-2020)
7.4 Global Hemodialysis Market Revenue and Sales Forecast, by Applications (2020-2025)
  7.4.1 Equipment Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
  7.4.2 Consumable Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
  7.4.3 Drug Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
  7.4.4 Service Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)

8 MARKET ANALYSIS AND FORECAST, BY REGIONS

8.1 Global Hemodialysis Sales by Regions (2015-2020)
8.2 Global Hemodialysis Market Revenue by Regions (2015-2020)
8.3 Global Hemodialysis Market Forecast by Regions (2020-2025)

9 NORTH AMERICA HEMODIALYSIS MARKET ANALYSIS

9.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
9.2 North America Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
9.3 North America Hemodialysis Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
9.4 North America Hemodialysis Market Forecast
9.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on North America Market
9.6 North America Hemodialysis Market Analysis by Country
  9.6.1 U.S. Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate
  9.6.2 Canada Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate
  9.6.3 Mexico Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate

10 EUROPE HEMODIALYSIS MARKET ANALYSIS

10.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
10.2 Europe Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
10.3 Europe Hemodialysis Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
10.4 Europe Hemodialysis Market Forecast
10.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Europe Market
10.6 Europe Hemodialysis Market Analysis by Country
  10.6.1 Germany Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate
  10.6.2 United Kingdom Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate
  10.6.3 France Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate
  10.6.4 Italy Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate
  10.6.5 Spain Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate
  10.6.6 Russia Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate

11 ASIA-PACIFIC HEMODIALYSIS MARKET ANALYSIS

11.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
11.2 Asia-Pacific Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
11.3 Asia-Pacific Hemodialysis Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
11.4 Asia-Pacific Hemodialysis Market Forecast
11.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Asia Pacific Market
11.6 Asia-Pacific Hemodialysis Market Analysis by Country
  11.6.1 China Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate
  11.6.2 Japan Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate
  11.6.3 South Korea Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate
  11.6.4 Australia Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate
  11.6.5 India Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate

12 SOUTH AMERICA HEMODIALYSIS MARKET ANALYSIS

12.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
12.2 South America Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
12.3 South America Hemodialysis Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
12.4 South America Hemodialysis Market Forecast
12.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on South America Market
12.6 South America Hemodialysis Market Analysis by Country
  12.6.1 Brazil Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate
  12.6.2 Argentina Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate
  12.6.3 Columbia Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate

13 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA HEMODIALYSIS MARKET ANALYSIS

13.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
13.2 Middle East and Africa Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
13.3 Middle East and Africa Hemodialysis Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
13.4 Middle East and Africa Hemodialysis Market Forecast
13.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Middle East and Africa Market
13.6 Middle East and Africa Hemodialysis Market Analysis by Country
  13.6.1 UAE Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate
  13.6.2 Egypt Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate
  13.6.3 South Africa Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate

14 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

14.1 Key Market Findings and Prospects
14.2 Advice for Investors

15 APPENDIX

15.1 Methodology
15.2 Research Data Source
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture
Figure Global Hemodialysis Market Size and Growth Rate 2015-2025
Table Hemodialysis Key Market Segments
Figure Global Hemodialysis Market Revenue ($) Segment by Type from 2015-2020
Figure Global Hemodialysis Market Revenue ($) Segment by Applications from 2015-2020
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure Global COVID-19 Status
Figure Supply Chain
Table Major Players Headquarters, and Service Area of Hemodialysis
Table Major Players Revenue in 2019
Figure Major Players Revenue Share in 2019
Table Nipro Company Profile
Table Nipro Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Nipro Production and Growth Rate
Figure Nipro Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Fresenius Company Profile
Table Fresenius Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Fresenius Production and Growth Rate
Figure Fresenius Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Baxter and Gambro Company Profile
Table Baxter and Gambro Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Baxter and Gambro Production and Growth Rate
Figure Baxter and Gambro Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Bellco Company Profile
Table Bellco Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Bellco Production and Growth Rate
Figure Bellco Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table B.Braum Company Profile
Table B.Braum Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure B.Braum Production and Growth Rate
Figure B.Braum Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Asahi Kasei Company Profile
Table Asahi Kasei Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Asahi Kasei Production and Growth Rate
Figure Asahi Kasei Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Nikkiso Company Profile
Table Nikkiso Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Nikkiso Production and Growth Rate
Figure Nikkiso Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Shanwaishan Company Profile
Table Shanwaishan Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Shanwaishan Production and Growth Rate
Figure Shanwaishan Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Toray Company Profile
Table Toray Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Toray Production and Growth Rate
Figure Toray Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table WEGO Company Profile
Table WEGO Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure WEGO Production and Growth Rate
Figure WEGO Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Global Hemodialysis Sales by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Hemodialysis Sales Share by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Hemodialysis Revenue ($) by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Hemodialysis Revenue Share by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Hemodialysis Price ($) by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Hemodialysis Market Forecast Sales by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Hemodialysis Market Forecast Sales Share by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Hemodialysis Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Hemodialysis Market Forecast Revenue Share by Types (2020-2025)
Figure Global Conventional (3 times per week) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Conventional (3 times per week) Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Daily (6 days a week) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Daily (6 days a week) Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Nocturnal (3-6 nights per week) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Nocturnal (3-6 nights per week) Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Hemodialysis Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Conventional (3 times per week) (2020-2025)
Figure Global Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Conventional (3 times per week) (2020-2025)
Figure Global Hemodialysis Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Daily (6 days a week) (2020-2025)
Figure Global Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Daily (6 days a week) (2020-2025)
Figure Global Hemodialysis Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Nocturnal (3-6 nights per week) (2020-2025)
Figure Global Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Nocturnal (3-6 nights per week) (2020-2025)
Table Global Hemodialysis Sales by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global Hemodialysis Sales Share by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global Hemodialysis Revenue ($) by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global Hemodialysis Revenue Share by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global Hemodialysis Market Forecast Sales by Applications (2020-2025)
Table Global Hemodialysis Market Forecast Sales Share by Applications (2020-2025)
Table Global Hemodialysis Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Applications (2020-2025)
Table Global Hemodialysis Market Forecast Revenue Share by Applications (2020-2025)
Figure Global Equipment Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Equipment Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Consumable Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Consumable Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Drug Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Drug Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Service Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Service Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Hemodialysis Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Equipment (2020-2025)
Figure Global Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Equipment (2020-2025)
Figure Global Hemodialysis Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Consumable (2020-2025)
Figure Global Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Consumable (2020-2025)
Figure Global Hemodialysis Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Drug (2020-2025)
Figure Global Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Drug (2020-2025)
Figure Global Hemodialysis Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Service (2020-2025)
Figure Global Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Service (2020-2025)
Figure Global Hemodialysis Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global Hemodialysis Sales by Regions (2015-2020)
Table Global Hemodialysis Sales Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Figure Global Hemodialysis Sales Market Share by Regions in 2019
Figure Global Hemodialysis Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global Hemodialysis Revenue by Regions (2015-2020)
Table Global Hemodialysis Revenue Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Figure Global Hemodialysis Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2019
Table Global Hemodialysis Market Forecast Sales by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global Hemodialysis Market Forecast Sales Share by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global Hemodialysis Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global Hemodialysis Market Forecast Revenue Share by Regions (2020-2025)
Figure North America Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure North America Hemodialysis Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure North America Hemodialysis Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure North America Hemodialysis Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure North America COVID-19 Status
Figure U.S. Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Canada Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Mexico Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Hemodialysis Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Hemodialysis Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure Europe Hemodialysis Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure Europe COVID-19 Status
Figure Germany Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure United Kingdom Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure France Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Italy Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Spain Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Russia Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific Hemodialysis Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific Hemodialysis Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure Asia-Pacific Hemodialysis Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure Asia Pacific COVID-19 Status
Figure China Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Japan Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South Korea Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Australia Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure India Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America Hemodialysis Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America Hemodialysis Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure South America Hemodialysis Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure Brazil Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Argentina Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Columbia Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa Hemodialysis Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa Hemodialysis Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure Middle East and Africa Hemodialysis Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure UAE Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Egypt Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South Africa Hemodialysis Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)


More Publications