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Global District Heating and Cooling Market Size, Manufacturers, Growth Analysis Industry Forecast to 2030

April 2024 | 130 pages | ID: G067A3DDAA98EN
APO Research

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District energy, both heating and cooling, tie together the energy generating sources in a city with buildings and facilities having a need of heating and/or cooling. Instead of each building having its own heating or cooling system, the energy is delivered to several buildings in a larger area from a central plant. The water based distribution system guarantees that heat and cooling arrive safely to the end users.

With district heating, energy is saved overall, as it takes advantage of resources that would otherwise not be have been used, making it an efficient and sustainable solution to satisfy the local heat and cooling demand in a city.

According to APO Research, The global District Heating and Cooling market is projected to grow from US$ million in 2024 to US$ million by 2030, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of % during the forecast period.

Global District Heating and Cooling key players include ENGIE, NRG Energy, Fortum, Empower, ADC Energy Systems, STEAG, ?rsted A/S, etc. Global top seven manufacturers hold a share about 25%.

Asia-Pacific is the largest market, with a share about 30%, followed by Europe and North America, have a share about 40 percent.

In terms of product, District Heating is the largest segment, with a share about 90%. And in terms of application, the largest application is Residential, followed by Commercial, Industrial.

This report presents an overview of global market for District Heating and Cooling, sales, revenue and price. Analyses of the global market trends, with historic market revenue or sales data for 2019 - 2023, estimates for 2024, and projections of CAGR through 2030.

This report researches the key producers of District Heating and Cooling, also provides the sales of main regions and countries. Of the upcoming market potential for District Heating and Cooling, and key regions or countries of focus to forecast this market into various segments and sub-segments. Country specific data and market value analysis for the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Germany, the U.K., Italy, Middle East, Africa, and Other Countries.

This report focuses on the District Heating and Cooling sales, revenue, market share and industry ranking of main manufacturers, data from 2019 to 2024. Identification of the major stakeholders in the global District Heating and Cooling market, and analysis of their competitive landscape and market positioning based on recent developments and segmental revenues. This report will help stakeholders to understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights and position their businesses and market strategies in a better way.

This report analyzes the segments data by Type and by Application, sales, revenue, and price, from 2019 to 2030. Evaluation and forecast the market size for District Heating and Cooling sales, projected growth trends, production technology, application and end-user industry.

Descriptive company profiles of the major global players, including ENGIE, NRG Energy, Fortum, Empower, ADC Energy Systems, STEAG, ?rsted A/S, Tabreed and Vattenfall, etc.

District Heating and Cooling segment by Company
  • ENGIE
  • NRG Energy
  • Fortum
  • Empower
  • ADC Energy Systems
  • STEAG
  • ?rsted A/S
  • Tabreed
  • Vattenfall
  • RWE AG
  • Goteborg Energi
  • Logstor
  • Shinryo
  • Emicool
  • Keppel DHCS
  • Statkraft
  • Ramboll
District Heating and Cooling segment by Type
  • District Heating
  • District Cooling
District Heating and Cooling segment by Application
  • Residential
  • Commercial
  • Industrial
District Heating and Cooling segment by Region
  • North America
  • U.S.
  • Canada
  • Europe
  • Germany
  • France
  • U.K.
  • Italy
  • Russia
  • Asia-Pacific
  • China
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • India
  • Australia
  • China Taiwan
  • Indonesia
  • Thailand
  • Malaysia
  • Latin America
  • Mexico
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Middle East & Africa
  • Turkey
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE
Study Objectives

1. To analyze and research the global District Heating and Cooling status and future forecast, involving, sales, revenue, growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.

2. To present the key manufacturers, sales, revenue, market share, and Recent Developments.

3. To split the breakdown data by regions, type, manufacturers, and Application.

4. To analyze the global and key regions District Heating and Cooling market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints, and risks.

5. To identify District Heating and Cooling significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions.

6. To analyze District Heating and Cooling competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.

Reasons to Buy This Report

1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global District Heating and Cooling market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.

2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of District Heating and Cooling and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.

3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in sales and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.

4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.

5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.

6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of District Heating and Cooling.

7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Provides an overview of the District Heating and Cooling market, including product definition, global market growth prospects, sales value, sales volume, and average price forecasts (2019-2030).

Chapter 2: Analysis key trends, drivers, challenges, and opportunities within the global District Heating and Cooling industry.

Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of District Heating and Cooling manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.

Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.

Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.

Chapter 6: Sales and value of District Heating and Cooling in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.

Chapter 7: Sales and value of District Heating and Cooling in country level. It provides sigmate data by type, and by application for each country/region.

Chapter 8: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.

Chapter 9: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.

Chapter 10: Concluding Insights.

Chapter 10: Concluding Insights.
1 MARKET OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
  1.2.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value (2019-2030)
  1.2.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Volume (2019-2030)
  1.2.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Average Price (2019-2030)
1.3 Assumptions and Limitations
1.4 Study Goals and Objectives

2 DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING MARKET DYNAMICS

2.1 District Heating and Cooling Industry Trends
2.2 District Heating and Cooling Industry Drivers
2.3 District Heating and Cooling Industry Opportunities and Challenges
2.4 District Heating and Cooling Industry Restraints

3 DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING MARKET BY COMPANY

3.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Company Revenue Ranking in 2023
3.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Revenue by Company (2019-2024)
3.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Volume by Company (2019-2024)
3.4 Global District Heating and Cooling Average Price by Company (2019-2024)
3.5 Global District Heating and Cooling Company Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
3.6 Global District Heating and Cooling Company Manufacturing Base & Headquarters
3.7 Global District Heating and Cooling Company, Product Type & Application
3.8 Global District Heating and Cooling Company Commercialization Time
3.9 Market Competitive Analysis
  3.9.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Market CR5 and HHI
  3.9.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Company Market Share by Revenue in 2023
  3.9.3 2023 District Heating and Cooling Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier
3.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

4 DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING MARKET BY TYPE

4.1 District Heating and Cooling Type Introduction
  4.1.1 District Heating
  4.1.2 District Cooling
4.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Volume by Type
  4.2.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Volume by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
  4.2.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Volume by Type (2019-2030)
  4.2.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Volume Share by Type (2019-2030)
4.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value by Type
  4.3.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
  4.3.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value by Type (2019-2030)
  4.3.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type (2019-2030)

5 DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING MARKET BY APPLICATION

5.1 District Heating and Cooling Application Introduction
  5.1.1 Residential
  5.1.2 Commercial
  5.1.3 Industrial
5.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Volume by Application
  5.2.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Volume by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
  5.2.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Volume by Application (2019-2030)
  5.2.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Volume Share by Application (2019-2030)
5.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value by Application
  5.3.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
  5.3.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value by Application (2019-2030)
  5.3.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application (2019-2030)

6 DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING MARKET BY REGION

6.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
6.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales by Region (2019-2030)
  6.2.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales by Region: 2019-2024
  6.2.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales by Region (2025-2030)
6.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
6.4 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value by Region (2019-2030)
  6.4.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value by Region: 2019-2024
  6.4.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value by Region (2025-2030)
6.5 Global District Heating and Cooling Market Price Analysis by Region (2019-2024)
6.6 North America
  6.6.1 North America District Heating and Cooling Sales Value (2019-2030)
  6.6.2 North America District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Country, 2023 VS 2030
6.7 Europe
  6.7.1 Europe District Heating and Cooling Sales Value (2019-2030)
  6.7.2 Europe District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Country, 2023 VS 2030
6.8 Asia-Pacific
  6.8.1 Asia-Pacific District Heating and Cooling Sales Value (2019-2030)
  6.8.2 Asia-Pacific District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Country, 2023 VS 2030
6.9 Latin America
  6.9.1 Latin America District Heating and Cooling Sales Value (2019-2030)
  6.9.2 Latin America District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Country, 2023 VS 2030
6.10 Middle East & Africa
  6.10.1 Middle East & Africa District Heating and Cooling Sales Value (2019-2030)
  6.10.2 Middle East & Africa District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Country, 2023 VS 2030

7 DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING MARKET BY COUNTRY

7.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
7.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
7.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales by Country (2019-2030)
  7.3.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales by Country (2019-2024)
  7.3.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales by Country (2025-2030)
7.4 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value by Country (2019-2030)
  7.4.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value by Country (2019-2024)
  7.4.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value by Country (2025-2030)
7.5 USA
  7.5.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Growth Rate (2019-2030)
  7.5.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type, 2023 VS 2030
  7.5.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7.6 Canada
  7.6.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Growth Rate (2019-2030)
  7.6.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type, 2023 VS 2030
  7.6.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7.7 Germany
  7.7.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Growth Rate (2019-2030)
  7.7.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type, 2023 VS 2030
  7.7.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7.8 France
  7.8.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Growth Rate (2019-2030)
  7.8.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type, 2023 VS 2030
  7.8.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7.9 U.K.
  7.9.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Growth Rate (2019-2030)
  7.9.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type, 2023 VS 2030
  7.9.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7.10 Italy
  7.10.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Growth Rate (2019-2030)
  7.10.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type, 2023 VS 2030
  7.10.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7.11 Netherlands
  7.11.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Growth Rate (2019-2030)
  7.11.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type, 2023 VS 2030
  7.11.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7.12 Nordic Countries
  7.12.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Growth Rate (2019-2030)
  7.12.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type, 2023 VS 2030
  7.12.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7.13 China
  7.13.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Growth Rate (2019-2030)
  7.13.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type, 2023 VS 2030
  7.13.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7.14 Japan
  7.14.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Growth Rate (2019-2030)
  7.14.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type, 2023 VS 2030
  7.14.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7.15 South Korea
  7.15.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Growth Rate (2019-2030)
  7.15.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type, 2023 VS 2030
  7.15.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7.16 Southeast Asia
  7.16.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Growth Rate (2019-2030)
  7.16.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type, 2023 VS 2030
  7.16.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7.17 India
  7.17.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Growth Rate (2019-2030)
  7.17.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type, 2023 VS 2030
  7.17.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7.18 Australia
  7.18.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Growth Rate (2019-2030)
  7.18.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type, 2023 VS 2030
  7.18.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7.19 Mexico
  7.19.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Growth Rate (2019-2030)
  7.19.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type, 2023 VS 2030
  7.19.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7.20 Brazil
  7.20.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Growth Rate (2019-2030)
  7.20.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type, 2023 VS 2030
  7.20.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7.21 Turkey
  7.21.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Growth Rate (2019-2030)
  7.21.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type, 2023 VS 2030
  7.21.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7.22 Saudi Arabia
  7.22.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Growth Rate (2019-2030)
  7.22.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type, 2023 VS 2030
  7.22.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application, 2023 VS 2030
7.23 UAE
  7.23.1 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Growth Rate (2019-2030)
  7.23.2 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Type, 2023 VS 2030
  7.23.3 Global District Heating and Cooling Sales Value Share by Application, 2023 VS 2030

8 COMPANY PROFILES

8.1 ENGIE
  8.1.1 ENGIE Comapny Information
  8.1.2 ENGIE Business Overview
  8.1.3 ENGIE District Heating and Cooling Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  8.1.4 ENGIE District Heating and Cooling Product Portfolio
  8.1.5 ENGIE Recent Developments
8.2 NRG Energy
  8.2.1 NRG Energy Comapny Information
  8.2.2 NRG Energy Business Overview
  8.2.3 NRG Energy District Heating and Cooling Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  8.2.4 NRG Energy District Heating and Cooling Product Portfolio
  8.2.5 NRG Energy Recent Developments
8.3 Fortum
  8.3.1 Fortum Comapny Information
  8.3.2 Fortum Business Overview
  8.3.3 Fortum District Heating and Cooling Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  8.3.4 Fortum District Heating and Cooling Product Portfolio
  8.3.5 Fortum Recent Developments
8.4 Empower
  8.4.1 Empower Comapny Information
  8.4.2 Empower Business Overview
  8.4.3 Empower District Heating and Cooling Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  8.4.4 Empower District Heating and Cooling Product Portfolio
  8.4.5 Empower Recent Developments
8.5 ADC Energy Systems
  8.5.1 ADC Energy Systems Comapny Information
  8.5.2 ADC Energy Systems Business Overview
  8.5.3 ADC Energy Systems District Heating and Cooling Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  8.5.4 ADC Energy Systems District Heating and Cooling Product Portfolio
  8.5.5 ADC Energy Systems Recent Developments
8.6 STEAG
  8.6.1 STEAG Comapny Information
  8.6.2 STEAG Business Overview
  8.6.3 STEAG District Heating and Cooling Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  8.6.4 STEAG District Heating and Cooling Product Portfolio
  8.6.5 STEAG Recent Developments
8.7 ?rsted A/S
  8.7.1 ?rsted A/S Comapny Information
  8.7.2 ?rsted A/S Business Overview
  8.7.3 ?rsted A/S District Heating and Cooling Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  8.7.4 ?rsted A/S District Heating and Cooling Product Portfolio
  8.7.5 ?rsted A/S Recent Developments
8.8 Tabreed
  8.8.1 Tabreed Comapny Information
  8.8.2 Tabreed Business Overview
  8.8.3 Tabreed District Heating and Cooling Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  8.8.4 Tabreed District Heating and Cooling Product Portfolio
  8.8.5 Tabreed Recent Developments
8.9 Vattenfall
  8.9.1 Vattenfall Comapny Information
  8.9.2 Vattenfall Business Overview
  8.9.3 Vattenfall District Heating and Cooling Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  8.9.4 Vattenfall District Heating and Cooling Product Portfolio
  8.9.5 Vattenfall Recent Developments
8.10 RWE AG
  8.10.1 RWE AG Comapny Information
  8.10.2 RWE AG Business Overview
  8.10.3 RWE AG District Heating and Cooling Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  8.10.4 RWE AG District Heating and Cooling Product Portfolio
  8.10.5 RWE AG Recent Developments
8.11 Goteborg Energi
  8.11.1 Goteborg Energi Comapny Information
  8.11.2 Goteborg Energi Business Overview
  8.11.3 Goteborg Energi District Heating and Cooling Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  8.11.4 Goteborg Energi District Heating and Cooling Product Portfolio
  8.11.5 Goteborg Energi Recent Developments
8.12 Logstor
  8.12.1 Logstor Comapny Information
  8.12.2 Logstor Business Overview
  8.12.3 Logstor District Heating and Cooling Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  8.12.4 Logstor District Heating and Cooling Product Portfolio
  8.12.5 Logstor Recent Developments
8.13 Shinryo
  8.13.1 Shinryo Comapny Information
  8.13.2 Shinryo Business Overview
  8.13.3 Shinryo District Heating and Cooling Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  8.13.4 Shinryo District Heating and Cooling Product Portfolio
  8.13.5 Shinryo Recent Developments
8.14 Emicool
  8.14.1 Emicool Comapny Information
  8.14.2 Emicool Business Overview
  8.14.3 Emicool District Heating and Cooling Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  8.14.4 Emicool District Heating and Cooling Product Portfolio
  8.14.5 Emicool Recent Developments
8.15 Keppel DHCS
  8.15.1 Keppel DHCS Comapny Information
  8.15.2 Keppel DHCS Business Overview
  8.15.3 Keppel DHCS District Heating and Cooling Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  8.15.4 Keppel DHCS District Heating and Cooling Product Portfolio
  8.15.5 Keppel DHCS Recent Developments
8.16 Statkraft
  8.16.1 Statkraft Comapny Information
  8.16.2 Statkraft Business Overview
  8.16.3 Statkraft District Heating and Cooling Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  8.16.4 Statkraft District Heating and Cooling Product Portfolio
  8.16.5 Statkraft Recent Developments
8.17 Ramboll
  8.17.1 Ramboll Comapny Information
  8.17.2 Ramboll Business Overview
  8.17.3 Ramboll District Heating and Cooling Sales, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  8.17.4 Ramboll District Heating and Cooling Product Portfolio
  8.17.5 Ramboll Recent Developments

9 VALUE CHAIN AND SALES CHANNELS ANALYSIS

9.1 District Heating and Cooling Value Chain Analysis
  9.1.1 District Heating and Cooling Key Raw Materials
  9.1.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
  9.1.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
  9.1.4 District Heating and Cooling Sales Mode & Process
9.2 District Heating and Cooling Sales Channels Analysis
  9.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
  9.2.2 District Heating and Cooling Distributors
  9.2.3 District Heating and Cooling Customers

10 CONCLUDING INSIGHTS

11 APPENDIX

11.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
11.2 Research Methodology
11.3 Research Process
11.4 Authors List of This Report
11.5 Data Source
  11.5.1 Secondary Sources
  11.5.2 Primary Sources
11.6 Disclaimer


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