Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market in South Korea - Manufacturing and Consumption, Outlook and Forecast 2020-2026

April 2020 | 106 pages | ID: F159D44DDE46EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

Forged aluminium wheels are one-piece wheels formed from a single block of metal by hot forging, followed by hot or cold spinning and the necessary machining operations. The forging process permits flexibility in design of the styled disk, almost similar to cast wheels. Onepiece forging is considered superior to other forms of wheel manufacturing in providing ultimate strength while reducing weight compared to cast and multi-piece aluminium wheels.

This report contains market size and forecasts of Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel in South Korea, including the following market information:
South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Revenue, 2015-2020, 2021-2026, ($ millions)
South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Consumption, 2015-2020, 2021-2026, (K Unit)
South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Production Capacity, 2015-2020, 2021-2026, (K Unit)
Top Five Competitors in South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market 2019 (%)
The global Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel market was valued at 3826.8 million in 2019 and is projected to reach US$ 4720.6 million by 2026, at a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period. While the Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel market size in South Korea was US$ XX million in 2019, and it is expected to reach US$ XX million by the end of 2026, with a CAGR of XX% during 2020-2026.
MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on businesses, with top challenges including ingredients and raw material delays, component and packaging shortages, reduced/cancelled orders from clients and consumers, and closures of production lines in some impacted areas.
This report also analyses and evaluates the COVID-19 impact on Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel production and consumption in South Korea

Total Market by Segment:

South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market, By Type, 2015-2020, 2021-2026 ($ millions) & (K Unit)
South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Segment Percentages, By Type, 2019 (%)

• OEM
• Aftermarket

South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market, By Application, 2015-2020, 2021-2026 ($ millions) & (K Unit)
South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Segment Percentages, By Application, 2019 (%)

• Passenger Vehicle
• Commercial Vehicle

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Total Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Competitors Revenues in South Korea, by Players 2015-2020 (Estimated), ($ millions)
Total Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Competitors Revenues Share in South Korea, by Players 2019 (%)
Total South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Competitors Sales, by Players 2015-2020 (Estimated), (K Unit)
Total South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Competitors Sales Market Share by Players 2019 ($ millions)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, including the following:

• Arconic
• Superior Industries
• CITIC Dicastal
• Gemsy Wheels
• Hongxin Wheel
• Borbet
• Accuride
• BBS JAPAN
• Ronal Wheels
• Wanfeng Auto
• RAYS Wheels
• Zhejiang Jinfei

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Segment by Type
  1.2.2 Segment by Application
1.3 South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 COVID-19 IMPACT: SOUTH KOREA FORGED ALLOY ALUMINUM WHEEL OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Size: 2020 VS 2026
2.2 South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2015-2026
2.3 South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales (Consumption): 2015-2026

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Players in South Korea (including Foreign and Local Companies)
3.2 Top South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Revenue by Companies (including Foreign and Local Companies)
3.4 South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales by Companies (including Foreign and Local Companies)
3.5 South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Price by Manufacturer (2015-2020)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Companies in South Korea, by Revenue in 2019
3.7 South Korea Manufacturers Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Players in South Korea
  3.8.1 List of South Korea Tier 1 Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Companies
  3.8.2 List of South Korea Tier 2 and Tier 3 Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Size Markets, 2020 & 2026
  4.1.2 OEM
  4.1.3 Aftermarket
4.2 By Type - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Revenue, 2015-2020
  4.2.2 By Type - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Revenue, 2021-2026
  4.2.3 By Type - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Revenue Market Share, 2015-2026
4.3 By Type - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales, 2015-2020
  4.3.2 By Type - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales, 2021-2026
  4.3.3 By Type - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales Market Share, 2015-2026
4.4 By Type - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2015-2026

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Size, 2020 & 2026
  5.1.2 Passenger Vehicle
  5.1.3 Commercial Vehicle
5.2 By Application - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Revenue, 2015-2020
  5.2.2 By Application - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Revenue, 2021-2026
  5.2.3 By Application - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Revenue Market Share, 2015-2026
5.3 By Application - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales, 2015-2020
  5.3.2 By Application - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales, 2021-2026
  5.3.3 By Application - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales Market Share, 2015-2026
5.4 By Application - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2015-2026

6 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

6.1 Arconic
  6.1.1 Arconic Corporate Summary
  6.1.2 Arconic Business Overview
  6.1.3 Arconic Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Major Product Offerings
  6.1.4 Arconic Sales and Revenue in South Korea (2015-2020)
  6.1.5 Arconic Key News
6.2 Superior Industries
  6.2.1 Superior Industries Corporate Summary
  6.2.2 Superior Industries Business Overview
  6.2.3 Superior Industries Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Major Product Offerings
  6.2.4 Superior Industries Sales and Revenue in South Korea (2015-2020)
  6.2.5 Superior Industries Key News
6.3 CITIC Dicastal
  6.3.1 CITIC Dicastal Corporate Summary
  6.3.2 CITIC Dicastal Business Overview
  6.3.3 CITIC Dicastal Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Major Product Offerings
  6.3.4 CITIC Dicastal Sales and Revenue in South Korea (2015-2020)
  6.3.5 CITIC Dicastal Key News
6.4 Gemsy Wheels
  6.4.1 Gemsy Wheels Corporate Summary
  6.4.2 Gemsy Wheels Business Overview
  6.4.3 Gemsy Wheels Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Major Product Offerings
  6.4.4 Gemsy Wheels Sales and Revenue in South Korea (2015-2020)
  6.4.5 Gemsy Wheels Key News
6.5 Hongxin Wheel
  6.5.1 Hongxin Wheel Corporate Summary
  6.5.2 Hongxin Wheel Business Overview
  6.5.3 Hongxin Wheel Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Major Product Offerings
  6.5.4 Hongxin Wheel Sales and Revenue in South Korea (2015-2020)
  6.5.5 Hongxin Wheel Key News
6.6 Borbet
  6.6.1 Borbet Corporate Summary
  6.6.2 Borbet Business Overview
  6.6.3 Borbet Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Major Product Offerings
  6.6.4 Borbet Sales and Revenue in South Korea (2015-2020)
  6.6.5 Borbet Key News
6.7 Accuride
  6.6.1 Accuride Corporate Summary
  6.6.2 Accuride Business Overview
  6.6.3 Accuride Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Major Product Offerings
  6.4.4 Accuride Sales and Revenue in South Korea (2015-2020)
  6.7.5 Accuride Key News
6.8 BBS JAPAN
  6.8.1 BBS JAPAN Corporate Summary
  6.8.2 BBS JAPAN Business Overview
  6.8.3 BBS JAPAN Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Major Product Offerings
  6.8.4 BBS JAPAN Sales and Revenue in South Korea (2015-2020)
  6.8.5 BBS JAPAN Key News
6.9 Ronal Wheels
  6.9.1 Ronal Wheels Corporate Summary
  6.9.2 Ronal Wheels Business Overview
  6.9.3 Ronal Wheels Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Major Product Offerings
  6.9.4 Ronal Wheels Sales and Revenue in South Korea (2015-2020)
  6.9.5 Ronal Wheels Key News
6.10 Wanfeng Auto
  6.10.1 Wanfeng Auto Corporate Summary
  6.10.2 Wanfeng Auto Business Overview
  6.10.3 Wanfeng Auto Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Major Product Offerings
  6.10.4 Wanfeng Auto Sales and Revenue in South Korea (2015-2020)
  6.10.5 Wanfeng Auto Key News
6.11 RAYS Wheels
  6.11.1 RAYS Wheels Corporate Summary
  6.11.2 RAYS Wheels Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Business Overview
  6.11.3 RAYS Wheels Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Major Product Offerings
  6.11.4 RAYS Wheels Sales and Revenue in South Korea (2015-2020)
  6.11.5 RAYS Wheels Key News
6.12 Zhejiang Jinfei
  6.12.1 Zhejiang Jinfei Corporate Summary
  6.12.2 Zhejiang Jinfei Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Business Overview
  6.12.3 Zhejiang Jinfei Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Major Product Offerings
  6.12.4 Zhejiang Jinfei Sales and Revenue in South Korea (2015-2020)
  6.12.5 Zhejiang Jinfei Key News
6.13 Lizhong Group
  6.13.1 Lizhong Group Corporate Summary
  6.13.2 Lizhong Group Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Business Overview
  6.13.3 Lizhong Group Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Major Product Offerings
  6.13.4 Lizhong Group Sales and Revenue in South Korea (2015-2020)
  6.13.5 Lizhong Group Key News

7 FORGED ALLOY ALUMINUM WHEEL PRODUCTION CAPACITY, EXPORT AND IMPORT ANALYSIS

7.1 Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Production Capacity and Value in South Korea, Situation Analysis and Prediction, 2015-2026
  7.1.1 South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Production Capacity, 2015-2026
  7.1.2 South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Production 2015-2026
  7.1.3 South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Production Value 2015-2026
7.2 Key Local Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Manufacturers in South Korea
  7.2.1 South Korea Key Local Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Manufacturers Production Capacity
  7.2.2 South Korea Key Local Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Manufacturers Production
  7.2.3 South Korea Key Local Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Manufacturers Production Value
  7.2.4 The Proportion of Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Production Sold in South Korea and Sold Other Than South Korea by Manufacturers
7.3 Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Export and Import in South Korea
  7.3.1 South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Export Market
  7.3.2 South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Source of Imports

8 COVID-19 IMPACT: KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

8.1 PESTLE Analysis for South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market
8.2 Market Opportunities & Trends
8.3 Market Drivers
8.4 Market Restraints

9 COVID-19 IMPACT ON FORGED ALLOY ALUMINUM WHEEL SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

9.1 Supply Chain Analysis
9.2 Upstream Market Analysis
9.3 Downstream and Clients Market Analysis
9.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  9.4.1 Marketing Channels
  9.4.2 Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Distributors and Sales Agents in South Korea

10 CONCLUSION

11 APPENDIX

11.1 Note
11.2 Examples of Clients
11.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel in South Korea
Table 2. Top Players in South Korea, Ranking by Revenue (2019)
Table 3. South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2015-2020
Table 4. South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Revenue Share by Companies, 2015-2020
Table 5. South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales by Companies, (K Unit), 2015-2020
Table 6. South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales Share by Companies, 2015-2020
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Price (2015-2020) (USD/Unit)
Table 8. South Korea Manufacturers Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Product Type
Table 9. List of South Korea Tier 1 Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2019 and Market Share
Table 10. List of South Korea Tier 2 and Tier 3 Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2019 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type - Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Revenue in South Korea (US$, Mn), 2015-2020
Table 12. By Type - Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Revenue in South Korea (US$, Mn), 2021-2026
Table 13. By Type - Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales in South Korea (K Unit), 2015-2020
Table 14. By Type - Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales in South Korea (K Unit), 2021-2026
Table 15. By Application - Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Revenue in South Korea, (US$, Mn), 2015-2020
Table 16. By Application - Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Revenue in South Korea, (US$, Mn), 2021-2026
Table 17. By Application - Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales in South Korea, (K Unit), 2015-2020
Table 18. By Application - Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales in South Korea, (K Unit), 2021-2026
Table 19. Arconic Corporate Summary
Table 20. Arconic Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Product Offerings
Table 21. Arconic Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales (K Unit), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 22. Superior Industries Corporate Summary
Table 23. Superior Industries Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Product Offerings
Table 24. Superior Industries Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales (K Unit), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 25. CITIC Dicastal Corporate Summary
Table 26. CITIC Dicastal Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Product Offerings
Table 27. CITIC Dicastal Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales (K Unit), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 28. Gemsy Wheels Corporate Summary
Table 29. Gemsy Wheels Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Product Offerings
Table 30. Gemsy Wheels Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales (K Unit), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 31. Hongxin Wheel Corporate Summary
Table 32. Hongxin Wheel Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Product Offerings
Table 33. Hongxin Wheel Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales (K Unit), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 34. Borbet Corporate Summary
Table 35. Borbet Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Product Offerings
Table 36. Borbet Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales (K Unit), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 37. Accuride Corporate Summary
Table 38. Accuride Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Product Offerings
Table 39. Accuride Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales (K Unit), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 40. BBS JAPAN Corporate Summary
Table 41. BBS JAPAN Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Product Offerings
Table 42. BBS JAPAN Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales (K Unit), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 43. Ronal Wheels Corporate Summary
Table 44. Ronal Wheels Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Product Offerings
Table 45. Ronal Wheels Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales (K Unit), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 46. Wanfeng Auto Corporate Summary
Table 47. Wanfeng Auto Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Product Offerings
Table 48. Wanfeng Auto Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales (K Unit), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 49. RAYS Wheels Corporate Summary
Table 50. RAYS Wheels Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Product Offerings
Table 51. RAYS Wheels Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales (K Unit), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 52. Zhejiang Jinfei Corporate Summary
Table 53. Zhejiang Jinfei Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Product Offerings
Table 54. Zhejiang Jinfei Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales (K Unit), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 55. Lizhong Group Corporate Summary
Table 56. Lizhong Group Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Product Offerings
Table 57. Lizhong Group Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales (K Unit), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 58. Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Production Capacity (K Unit) of Local Manufacturers in South Korea, 2015-2020
Table 59. Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Production (K Unit) of Local Manufacturers in South Korea, 2015-2020
Table 60. South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Production Market Share of Local Manufacturers, 2015-2020
Table 61. Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Production Value (US$, Mn) of Local Manufacturers in South Korea, 2015-2020
Table 62. South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Production Value Market Share of Local Manufacturers, 2015-2020
Table 63. The Percentage of Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Production Sold in South Korea and Sold Other Than South Korea by Manufacturers
Table 64. The Percentage of Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Production Sold in South Korea and Sold Other Than South Korea by Manufacturers
Table 65. Dangeguojia Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales (Consumption), Production, Export and Import, 2015-2020
Table 66. Raw Materials and Suppliers
Table 67. Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Downstream Clients in South Korea
Table 68. Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Distributors and Sales Agents in South Korea

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Segment by Type
Figure 2. Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Segment by Application
Figure 3. Dangeguojia Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Overview: 2020
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Size in South Korea, (US$, Mn) & (K Unit): 2020 VS 2026
Figure 6. South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Revenue, 2015-2026 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Sales in South Korea: 2015-2026 (K Unit)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Revenue in 2019
Figure 9. By Type - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Incremental Growth, (US$, Mn), 2015-2026
Figure 10. By Type - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Share, 2015-2020
Figure 11. By Type - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Share, 2020-2026
Figure 12. By Type - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Price (USD/Unit), 2015-2026
Figure 13. By Application - Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Revenue in South Korea (US$, Mn), 2020 & 2026
Figure 14. By Application - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Share, 2015-2020
Figure 15. By Application - South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Share, 2020-2026
Figure 16. By Application -South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Price (USD/Unit), 2015-2026
Figure 17. South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Production Capacity (K Unit), 2015-2026
Figure 18. South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Actual Output (K Unit), 2015-2026
Figure 19. South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Production Value (US$, Mn), 2015-2026
Figure 20. The Percentage of South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Export Destination, 2019
Figure 21. The Source of Imports of South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel, 2019
Figure 22. PEST Analysis for South Korea Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market in 2020
Figure 23. Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Opportunities & Trends in South Korea
Figure 24. Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Drivers in South Korea
Figure 25. Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Market Restraints in South Korea
Figure 26. Forged Alloy Aluminum Wheel Industry Value Chain