Automotive King Pin Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

April 2022 | 71 pages | ID: A37650F8B427EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

The kingpin, also king-pin and king pin is the main pivot in the steering mechanism of a car or other vehicle.

This report contains market size and forecasts of Automotive King Pin in global, including the following market information:

Global Automotive King Pin Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Automotive King Pin Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K Units)

Global top five Automotive King Pin companies in 2021 (%)

The global Automotive King Pin market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Pressing Bushing Type Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Automotive King Pin include Beyonz (Japan), JG Automotive (Spain), Stemco (USA), Kasuya Seiko (Japan), Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Japan) and Nishiura Seiki (Japan), etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Automotive King Pin manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Automotive King Pin Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Automotive King Pin Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Pressing Bushing Type
• Floating Bushing Type

Global Automotive King Pin Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Automotive King Pin Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Passenger Cars
• Commercial Vehicles

Global Automotive King Pin Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Automotive King Pin Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Automotive King Pin revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Automotive King Pin revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Automotive King Pin sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K Units)

Key companies Automotive King Pin sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Beyonz (Japan)
• JG Automotive (Spain)
• Stemco (USA)
• Kasuya Seiko (Japan)
• Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Japan)
• Nishiura Seiki (Japan)

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Automotive King Pin Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Automotive King Pin Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE KING PIN OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Automotive King Pin Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Automotive King Pin Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Automotive King Pin Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Automotive King Pin Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Automotive King Pin Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Automotive King Pin Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Automotive King Pin Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Automotive King Pin Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Automotive King Pin Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Automotive King Pin Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Automotive King Pin Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Automotive King Pin Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Automotive King Pin Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Automotive King Pin Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Pressing Bushing Type
  4.1.3 Floating Bushing Type
4.2 By Type - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Automotive King Pin Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Automotive King Pin Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Automotive King Pin Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Automotive King Pin Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Automotive King Pin Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Passenger Cars
  5.1.3 Commercial Vehicles
5.2 By Application - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Automotive King Pin Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Automotive King Pin Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Automotive King Pin Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Automotive King Pin Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Automotive King Pin Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Automotive King Pin Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Automotive King Pin Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Automotive King Pin Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Automotive King Pin Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Automotive King Pin Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Automotive King Pin Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Automotive King Pin Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Automotive King Pin Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Automotive King Pin Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Automotive King Pin Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Automotive King Pin Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Automotive King Pin Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Automotive King Pin Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Automotive King Pin Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Automotive King Pin Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Beyonz (Japan)
  7.1.1 Beyonz (Japan) Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Beyonz (Japan) Business Overview
  7.1.3 Beyonz (Japan) Automotive King Pin Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Beyonz (Japan) Automotive King Pin Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Beyonz (Japan) Key News
7.2 JG Automotive (Spain)
  7.2.1 JG Automotive (Spain) Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 JG Automotive (Spain) Business Overview
  7.2.3 JG Automotive (Spain) Automotive King Pin Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 JG Automotive (Spain) Automotive King Pin Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 JG Automotive (Spain) Key News
7.3 Stemco (USA)
  7.3.1 Stemco (USA) Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Stemco (USA) Business Overview
  7.3.3 Stemco (USA) Automotive King Pin Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Stemco (USA) Automotive King Pin Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Stemco (USA) Key News
7.4 Kasuya Seiko (Japan)
  7.4.1 Kasuya Seiko (Japan) Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Kasuya Seiko (Japan) Business Overview
  7.4.3 Kasuya Seiko (Japan) Automotive King Pin Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Kasuya Seiko (Japan) Automotive King Pin Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Kasuya Seiko (Japan) Key News
7.5 Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Japan)
  7.5.1 Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Japan) Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Japan) Business Overview
  7.5.3 Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Japan) Automotive King Pin Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Japan) Automotive King Pin Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Japan) Key News
7.6 Nishiura Seiki (Japan)
  7.6.1 Nishiura Seiki (Japan) Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 Nishiura Seiki (Japan) Business Overview
  7.6.3 Nishiura Seiki (Japan) Automotive King Pin Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 Nishiura Seiki (Japan) Automotive King Pin Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 Nishiura Seiki (Japan) Key News

8 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE KING PIN PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Automotive King Pin Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Automotive King Pin Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Automotive King Pin Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 AUTOMOTIVE KING PIN SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Automotive King Pin Industry Value Chain
10.2 Automotive King Pin Upstream Market
10.3 Automotive King Pin Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Automotive King Pin Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Automotive King Pin in Global Market
Table 2. Top Automotive King Pin Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Automotive King Pin Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Automotive King Pin Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Automotive King Pin Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Automotive King Pin Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Automotive King Pin Price (2017-2022) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Automotive King Pin Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Automotive King Pin Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Automotive King Pin Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Automotive King Pin Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Automotive King Pin Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Automotive King Pin Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Automotive King Pin Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Automotive King Pin Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Automotive King Pin Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Automotive King Pin Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Automotive King Pin Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Automotive King Pin Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Automotive King Pin Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Automotive King Pin Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Automotive King Pin Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Automotive King Pin Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Automotive King Pin Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Automotive King Pin Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Automotive King Pin Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Beyonz (Japan) Corporate Summary
Table 47. Beyonz (Japan) Automotive King Pin Product Offerings
Table 48. Beyonz (Japan) Automotive King Pin Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. JG Automotive (Spain) Corporate Summary
Table 50. JG Automotive (Spain) Automotive King Pin Product Offerings
Table 51. JG Automotive (Spain) Automotive King Pin Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Stemco (USA) Corporate Summary
Table 53. Stemco (USA) Automotive King Pin Product Offerings
Table 54. Stemco (USA) Automotive King Pin Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Kasuya Seiko (Japan) Corporate Summary
Table 56. Kasuya Seiko (Japan) Automotive King Pin Product Offerings
Table 57. Kasuya Seiko (Japan) Automotive King Pin Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Japan) Corporate Summary
Table 59. Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Japan) Automotive King Pin Product Offerings
Table 60. Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Japan) Automotive King Pin Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Nishiura Seiki (Japan) Corporate Summary
Table 62. Nishiura Seiki (Japan) Automotive King Pin Product Offerings
Table 63. Nishiura Seiki (Japan) Automotive King Pin Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Automotive King Pin Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 65. Global Automotive King Pin Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 66. Global Automotive King Pin Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 67. Global Automotive King Pin Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 68. Automotive King Pin Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 69. Automotive King Pin Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 70. Automotive King Pin Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 71. Automotive King Pin Raw Materials
Table 72. Automotive King Pin Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 73. Typical Automotive King Pin Downstream
Table 74. Automotive King Pin Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 75. Automotive King Pin Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Automotive King Pin Segment by Type
Figure 2. Automotive King Pin Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Automotive King Pin Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Automotive King Pin Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Automotive King Pin Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Automotive King Pin Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Automotive King Pin Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Automotive King Pin Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Automotive King Pin Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Automotive King Pin Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Automotive King Pin Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Automotive King Pin Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Automotive King Pin Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Automotive King Pin Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Automotive King Pin Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Automotive King Pin Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Automotive King Pin Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Automotive King Pin Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Automotive King Pin Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Automotive King Pin Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Automotive King Pin Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Automotive King Pin Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Automotive King Pin Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Automotive King Pin Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Automotive King Pin Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Automotive King Pin by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Automotive King Pin Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels