Ammonium Ion Meters Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

April 2022 | 77 pages | ID: A6877BFFF818EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

The ammonium Ion meter is a precise measurement instrument which can directly measure ammonium Ion concentrations in the samples.

This report contains market size and forecasts of Ammonium Ion Meters in global, including the following market information:

Global Ammonium Ion Meters Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Ammonium Ion Meters Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K Units)

Global top five Ammonium Ion Meters companies in 2021 (%)

The global Ammonium Ion Meters market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Portable Ammonium Ion Meters Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Ammonium Ion Meters include Panomex, Hach, Bante Instruments, Kalstein and Hanna Instruments, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Ammonium Ion Meters manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Ammonium Ion Meters Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Ammonium Ion Meters Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Portable Ammonium Ion Meters
• Benchtop Ammonium Ion Meters

Global Ammonium Ion Meters Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Ammonium Ion Meters Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Water and Waste Water Test
• Laboratory Use
• Others

Global Ammonium Ion Meters Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Ammonium Ion Meters Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Ammonium Ion Meters revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Ammonium Ion Meters revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Ammonium Ion Meters sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K Units)

Key companies Ammonium Ion Meters sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Panomex
• Hach
• Bante Instruments
• Kalstein
• Hanna Instruments

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Ammonium Ion Meters Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Ammonium Ion Meters Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL AMMONIUM ION METERS OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Ammonium Ion Meters Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Ammonium Ion Meters Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Ammonium Ion Meters Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Ammonium Ion Meters Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Ammonium Ion Meters Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Ammonium Ion Meters Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Ammonium Ion Meters Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Ammonium Ion Meters Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Portable Ammonium Ion Meters
  4.1.3 Benchtop Ammonium Ion Meters
4.2 By Type - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Water and Waste Water Test
  5.1.3 Laboratory Use
  5.1.4 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Panomex
  7.1.1 Panomex Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Panomex Business Overview
  7.1.3 Panomex Ammonium Ion Meters Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Panomex Ammonium Ion Meters Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Panomex Key News
7.2 Hach
  7.2.1 Hach Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Hach Business Overview
  7.2.3 Hach Ammonium Ion Meters Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Hach Ammonium Ion Meters Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 Hach Key News
7.3 Bante Instruments
  7.3.1 Bante Instruments Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Bante Instruments Business Overview
  7.3.3 Bante Instruments Ammonium Ion Meters Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Bante Instruments Ammonium Ion Meters Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Bante Instruments Key News
7.4 Kalstein
  7.4.1 Kalstein Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Kalstein Business Overview
  7.4.3 Kalstein Ammonium Ion Meters Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Kalstein Ammonium Ion Meters Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Kalstein Key News
7.5 Hanna Instruments
  7.5.1 Hanna Instruments Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Hanna Instruments Business Overview
  7.5.3 Hanna Instruments Ammonium Ion Meters Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Hanna Instruments Ammonium Ion Meters Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 Hanna Instruments Key News

8 GLOBAL AMMONIUM ION METERS PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Ammonium Ion Meters Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Ammonium Ion Meters Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Ammonium Ion Meters Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 AMMONIUM ION METERS SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Ammonium Ion Meters Industry Value Chain
10.2 Ammonium Ion Meters Upstream Market
10.3 Ammonium Ion Meters Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Ammonium Ion Meters Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Ammonium Ion Meters in Global Market
Table 2. Top Ammonium Ion Meters Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Ammonium Ion Meters Price (2017-2022) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Ammonium Ion Meters Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Ammonium Ion Meters Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Ammonium Ion Meters Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Ammonium Ion Meters Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Panomex Corporate Summary
Table 47. Panomex Ammonium Ion Meters Product Offerings
Table 48. Panomex Ammonium Ion Meters Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Hach Corporate Summary
Table 50. Hach Ammonium Ion Meters Product Offerings
Table 51. Hach Ammonium Ion Meters Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Bante Instruments Corporate Summary
Table 53. Bante Instruments Ammonium Ion Meters Product Offerings
Table 54. Bante Instruments Ammonium Ion Meters Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Kalstein Corporate Summary
Table 56. Kalstein Ammonium Ion Meters Product Offerings
Table 57. Kalstein Ammonium Ion Meters Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Hanna Instruments Corporate Summary
Table 59. Hanna Instruments Ammonium Ion Meters Product Offerings
Table 60. Hanna Instruments Ammonium Ion Meters Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Ammonium Ion Meters Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 62. Global Ammonium Ion Meters Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 63. Global Ammonium Ion Meters Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 64. Global Ammonium Ion Meters Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 65. Ammonium Ion Meters Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 66. Ammonium Ion Meters Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 67. Ammonium Ion Meters Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 68. Ammonium Ion Meters Raw Materials
Table 69. Ammonium Ion Meters Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 70. Typical Ammonium Ion Meters Downstream
Table 71. Ammonium Ion Meters Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 72. Ammonium Ion Meters Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Ammonium Ion Meters Segment by Type
Figure 2. Ammonium Ion Meters Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Ammonium Ion Meters Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Ammonium Ion Meters Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Ammonium Ion Meters Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Ammonium Ion Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Ammonium Ion Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Ammonium Ion Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Ammonium Ion Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Ammonium Ion Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Ammonium Ion Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Ammonium Ion Meters Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Ammonium Ion Meters by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Ammonium Ion Meters Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels