Aircraft VOR Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

April 2022 | 77 pages | ID: A3030A5F16D9EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

Omni-Directional Range (VOR) is a type of short-range radio navigation system for aircraft, enabling aircraft with a receiving unit to determine its position and stay on course by receiving radio signals transmitted by a network of fixed ground radio beacons.

This report contains market size and forecasts of Aircraft VOR in global, including the following market information:

Global Aircraft VOR Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Aircraft VOR Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K Units)

Global top five Aircraft VOR companies in 2021 (%)

The global Aircraft VOR market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Analog Display Type Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Aircraft VOR include Mid-Continent Instruments & Avionics, ARC Aviation Renewables, Davtron, BendixKing, Garmin International, MOPIENS and Systems Interface, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Aircraft VOR manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Aircraft VOR Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Aircraft VOR Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Analog Display Type
• Digital Display Type

Global Aircraft VOR Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Aircraft VOR Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Airliner
• General Aviation
• Business Aircraft
• Others

Global Aircraft VOR Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Aircraft VOR Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Aircraft VOR revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Aircraft VOR revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Aircraft VOR sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K Units)

Key companies Aircraft VOR sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Mid-Continent Instruments & Avionics
• ARC Aviation Renewables
• Davtron
• BendixKing
• Garmin International
• MOPIENS
• Systems Interface

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Aircraft VOR Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Aircraft VOR Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL AIRCRAFT VOR OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Aircraft VOR Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Aircraft VOR Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Aircraft VOR Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Aircraft VOR Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Aircraft VOR Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Aircraft VOR Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Aircraft VOR Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Aircraft VOR Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Aircraft VOR Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Aircraft VOR Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Aircraft VOR Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Aircraft VOR Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Aircraft VOR Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Aircraft VOR Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Analog Display Type
  4.1.3 Digital Display Type
4.2 By Type - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Aircraft VOR Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Aircraft VOR Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Aircraft VOR Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Aircraft VOR Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Aircraft VOR Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Airliner
  5.1.3 General Aviation
  5.1.4 Business Aircraft
  5.1.5 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Aircraft VOR Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Aircraft VOR Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Aircraft VOR Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Aircraft VOR Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Aircraft VOR Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Aircraft VOR Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Aircraft VOR Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Aircraft VOR Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Aircraft VOR Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Aircraft VOR Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Aircraft VOR Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Aircraft VOR Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Aircraft VOR Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Aircraft VOR Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Aircraft VOR Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Aircraft VOR Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Aircraft VOR Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Aircraft VOR Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Aircraft VOR Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Aircraft VOR Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Mid-Continent Instruments & Avionics
  7.1.1 Mid-Continent Instruments & Avionics Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Mid-Continent Instruments & Avionics Business Overview
  7.1.3 Mid-Continent Instruments & Avionics Aircraft VOR Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Mid-Continent Instruments & Avionics Aircraft VOR Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Mid-Continent Instruments & Avionics Key News
7.2 ARC Aviation Renewables
  7.2.1 ARC Aviation Renewables Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 ARC Aviation Renewables Business Overview
  7.2.3 ARC Aviation Renewables Aircraft VOR Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 ARC Aviation Renewables Aircraft VOR Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 ARC Aviation Renewables Key News
7.3 Davtron
  7.3.1 Davtron Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Davtron Business Overview
  7.3.3 Davtron Aircraft VOR Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Davtron Aircraft VOR Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Davtron Key News
7.4 BendixKing
  7.4.1 BendixKing Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 BendixKing Business Overview
  7.4.3 BendixKing Aircraft VOR Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 BendixKing Aircraft VOR Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 BendixKing Key News
7.5 Garmin International
  7.5.1 Garmin International Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Garmin International Business Overview
  7.5.3 Garmin International Aircraft VOR Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Garmin International Aircraft VOR Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 Garmin International Key News
7.6 MOPIENS
  7.6.1 MOPIENS Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 MOPIENS Business Overview
  7.6.3 MOPIENS Aircraft VOR Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 MOPIENS Aircraft VOR Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 MOPIENS Key News
7.7 Systems Interface
  7.7.1 Systems Interface Corporate Summary
  7.7.2 Systems Interface Business Overview
  7.7.3 Systems Interface Aircraft VOR Major Product Offerings
  7.7.4 Systems Interface Aircraft VOR Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.7.5 Systems Interface Key News

8 GLOBAL AIRCRAFT VOR PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Aircraft VOR Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Aircraft VOR Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Aircraft VOR Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 AIRCRAFT VOR SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Aircraft VOR Industry Value Chain
10.2 Aircraft VOR Upstream Market
10.3 Aircraft VOR Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Aircraft VOR Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Aircraft VOR in Global Market
Table 2. Top Aircraft VOR Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Aircraft VOR Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Aircraft VOR Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Aircraft VOR Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Aircraft VOR Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Aircraft VOR Price (2017-2022) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Aircraft VOR Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Aircraft VOR Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Aircraft VOR Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Aircraft VOR Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Aircraft VOR Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Aircraft VOR Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Aircraft VOR Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Aircraft VOR Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Aircraft VOR Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Aircraft VOR Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Aircraft VOR Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Aircraft VOR Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Aircraft VOR Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Aircraft VOR Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Aircraft VOR Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Aircraft VOR Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Aircraft VOR Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Aircraft VOR Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Aircraft VOR Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Mid-Continent Instruments & Avionics Corporate Summary
Table 47. Mid-Continent Instruments & Avionics Aircraft VOR Product Offerings
Table 48. Mid-Continent Instruments & Avionics Aircraft VOR Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. ARC Aviation Renewables Corporate Summary
Table 50. ARC Aviation Renewables Aircraft VOR Product Offerings
Table 51. ARC Aviation Renewables Aircraft VOR Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Davtron Corporate Summary
Table 53. Davtron Aircraft VOR Product Offerings
Table 54. Davtron Aircraft VOR Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. BendixKing Corporate Summary
Table 56. BendixKing Aircraft VOR Product Offerings
Table 57. BendixKing Aircraft VOR Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Garmin International Corporate Summary
Table 59. Garmin International Aircraft VOR Product Offerings
Table 60. Garmin International Aircraft VOR Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. MOPIENS Corporate Summary
Table 62. MOPIENS Aircraft VOR Product Offerings
Table 63. MOPIENS Aircraft VOR Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Systems Interface Corporate Summary
Table 65. Systems Interface Aircraft VOR Product Offerings
Table 66. Systems Interface Aircraft VOR Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 67. Aircraft VOR Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 68. Global Aircraft VOR Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 69. Global Aircraft VOR Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 70. Global Aircraft VOR Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 71. Aircraft VOR Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 72. Aircraft VOR Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 73. Aircraft VOR Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 74. Aircraft VOR Raw Materials
Table 75. Aircraft VOR Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 76. Typical Aircraft VOR Downstream
Table 77. Aircraft VOR Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 78. Aircraft VOR Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Aircraft VOR Segment by Type
Figure 2. Aircraft VOR Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Aircraft VOR Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Aircraft VOR Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Aircraft VOR Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Aircraft VOR Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Aircraft VOR Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Aircraft VOR Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Aircraft VOR Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Aircraft VOR Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Aircraft VOR Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Aircraft VOR Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Aircraft VOR Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Aircraft VOR Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Aircraft VOR Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Aircraft VOR Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Aircraft VOR Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Aircraft VOR Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Aircraft VOR Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Aircraft VOR Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Aircraft VOR Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Aircraft VOR Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Aircraft VOR Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Aircraft VOR Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Aircraft VOR Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Aircraft VOR by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Aircraft VOR Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels