The 2023-2028 Outlook for Advanced Wound Care in the United States
This study covers the latent demand outlook for advanced wound care across the states and cities of the United States. Latent demand (in millions of U.S. dollars), or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) estimates are given across some 12,600 cities in the United States. For each city in question, the percent share the city is of its state and of the United States as a whole is reported. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a city vis-à-vis others. This statistical approach can prove very useful to distribution and/or sales force strategies. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each state and city, latent demand estimates are created for advanced wound care. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved.
In this report we define the sales of advanced wound care as including all commonly understood products and/or services falling within this broad category, irrespective of product packaging, formulation, size, or form. Companies participating in this industry include 3M Company, Acelity, ACELL, Advanced BioHealing, Advancis Medical UK, Alliqua Biomedical, Anika Therapeutics, Arobella, Aspen, Avery Dennison Corporation, Avista Capital Partners, Avita Medical, B. Braun, Bace Com?rcio Internacional, Baxter, Beckton Dickinson, Boehringer, Brennan Medical, Bristol-Myers Squibb, BSN Medical, C.R. Bard, Cardinal Health, Celularity, Center for Disease Control (CDC), Changchun JA Biotech, Codman Neurosurgery, Coloplast, ConvaTec, Covalon, Covidien, Crawford Healthcare, Daewoong Pharmaceutical, DeOst Group, Derma Sciences, DeRoyal Industries, Devon Medical Products, Dr. Suwelack Skin & Health Care, EdixoMed, ER Squibb & Sons, Essity Aktiebolag (BSN Medical GMBH), FarrowMed, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Fraunhofer Institute, Genadyne, Generex Biotechnology, Genewel, Genzyme, GHD GesundHeits GMBH Deutschland, Hartmann, Healthpoint, Hill-Rom Holdings, Inc., Histocell, Hollister, Human Bioscience, Immodulon, Innocoll, Innovative Therapies, Integra Life Science, International Diabetes Federation (IDF), Johnson & Johnson, JoViPak, KCI, Kerecis, Kimberley-Clark, Kinetic Concepts, Lescarden, LifeCell, Lightwave Technologies, Lohmann & Rauscher GmbH & Company, Luqa Pharmaceuticals, MacroCure, Medela, Mediq, MediWound, Medline, Medtronic, Metasurg, MIL Laboratories Pvt, Ltd., MiMedx, Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (MHLW), Misonix, Mlnlycke Health Care AB, Molnlycke, M?lnlycke, Molnlycke healthcare, M?lnlycke Healthcare, Mo-Sci, Mpm Medical, Mundipharma, Nanotherapeutics, Nordic Capital Partners, Nuo Therapeutics, NuTech Medical, Olaregen Therapeutix, Inc., Organogenesis, Osiris Therapeutics, Paul Hartmann, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), Politec Sa?de, Prizm Medical, Prospera, Regentys Corporation, Sanuwave Health, SastoMed GmbH, Shandong Wego Newlife Medical Devices, SHIELD Line, Shire, Smith & Nephew, Snap, Sorbion, Spiracur, Sundance Enterprises, Inc., Synapse Microcurrent, Systagenix, Talley Group, TEI Biosciences, Terumo Corporation, The Harvard Drug Group (THDG), Tissue Analytics, TRIAGE MEDITECH, URGO, Vancive Medical Technologies, Vomaris Innovations, Welcare Industries, WINNER Medical Company, Ltd., World Health Organisation (WHO), Wound Management Technologies, Wright Therapy Products, Inc., Zhejiang Top Medical, and Zimmer Biomet. In addition to the sources indicated, additional information available to the public via news and/or press releases published by players in the industry was considered in defining and calibrating this category. All figures are in a common currency (U.S. dollars, millions) and are not adjusted for inflation (i.e., they are current values). Exchange rates used to convert to U.S. dollars are averages for the year in question. Future exchange rates are assumed to be constant in the future at the current level (the average of the year of this publication's release in 2022).
In this report we define the sales of advanced wound care as including all commonly understood products and/or services falling within this broad category, irrespective of product packaging, formulation, size, or form. Companies participating in this industry include 3M Company, Acelity, ACELL, Advanced BioHealing, Advancis Medical UK, Alliqua Biomedical, Anika Therapeutics, Arobella, Aspen, Avery Dennison Corporation, Avista Capital Partners, Avita Medical, B. Braun, Bace Com?rcio Internacional, Baxter, Beckton Dickinson, Boehringer, Brennan Medical, Bristol-Myers Squibb, BSN Medical, C.R. Bard, Cardinal Health, Celularity, Center for Disease Control (CDC), Changchun JA Biotech, Codman Neurosurgery, Coloplast, ConvaTec, Covalon, Covidien, Crawford Healthcare, Daewoong Pharmaceutical, DeOst Group, Derma Sciences, DeRoyal Industries, Devon Medical Products, Dr. Suwelack Skin & Health Care, EdixoMed, ER Squibb & Sons, Essity Aktiebolag (BSN Medical GMBH), FarrowMed, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Fraunhofer Institute, Genadyne, Generex Biotechnology, Genewel, Genzyme, GHD GesundHeits GMBH Deutschland, Hartmann, Healthpoint, Hill-Rom Holdings, Inc., Histocell, Hollister, Human Bioscience, Immodulon, Innocoll, Innovative Therapies, Integra Life Science, International Diabetes Federation (IDF), Johnson & Johnson, JoViPak, KCI, Kerecis, Kimberley-Clark, Kinetic Concepts, Lescarden, LifeCell, Lightwave Technologies, Lohmann & Rauscher GmbH & Company, Luqa Pharmaceuticals, MacroCure, Medela, Mediq, MediWound, Medline, Medtronic, Metasurg, MIL Laboratories Pvt, Ltd., MiMedx, Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (MHLW), Misonix, Mlnlycke Health Care AB, Molnlycke, M?lnlycke, Molnlycke healthcare, M?lnlycke Healthcare, Mo-Sci, Mpm Medical, Mundipharma, Nanotherapeutics, Nordic Capital Partners, Nuo Therapeutics, NuTech Medical, Olaregen Therapeutix, Inc., Organogenesis, Osiris Therapeutics, Paul Hartmann, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), Politec Sa?de, Prizm Medical, Prospera, Regentys Corporation, Sanuwave Health, SastoMed GmbH, Shandong Wego Newlife Medical Devices, SHIELD Line, Shire, Smith & Nephew, Snap, Sorbion, Spiracur, Sundance Enterprises, Inc., Synapse Microcurrent, Systagenix, Talley Group, TEI Biosciences, Terumo Corporation, The Harvard Drug Group (THDG), Tissue Analytics, TRIAGE MEDITECH, URGO, Vancive Medical Technologies, Vomaris Innovations, Welcare Industries, WINNER Medical Company, Ltd., World Health Organisation (WHO), Wound Management Technologies, Wright Therapy Products, Inc., Zhejiang Top Medical, and Zimmer Biomet. In addition to the sources indicated, additional information available to the public via news and/or press releases published by players in the industry was considered in defining and calibrating this category. All figures are in a common currency (U.S. dollars, millions) and are not adjusted for inflation (i.e., they are current values). Exchange rates used to convert to U.S. dollars are averages for the year in question. Future exchange rates are assumed to be constant in the future at the current level (the average of the year of this publication's release in 2022).
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
1.2 WHAT IS LATENT DEMAND AND THE P.I.E.?
1.3 THE METHODOLOGY
1.3.1 STEP 1. PRODUCT DEFINITION AND DATA COLLECTION
1.3.2 STEP 2. FILTERING AND SMOOTHING
1.3.3 STEP 3. FILLING IN MISSING VALUES
1.3.4 STEP 4. VARYING PARAMETER, NON-LINEAR ESTIMATION
1.3.5 STEP 5. FIXED-PARAMETER LINEAR ESTIMATION
1.3.6 STEP 6. AGGREGATION AND BENCHMARKING
1.4 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ)
1.4.1 CATEGORY DEFINITION
1.4.2 UNITS
1.4.3 METHODOLOGY
2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
2.1 LATENT DEMAND IN THE UNITED STATES
2.2 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR IN THE UNITED STATES
2.3 TOP 100 CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES
3 FAR WEST
3.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3.2 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - ALASKA
3.3 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - ALASKA
3.4 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - CALIFORNIA
3.5 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - CALIFORNIA
3.6 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - HAWAII
3.7 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - HAWAII
3.8 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - NEVADA
3.9 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - NEVADA
3.10 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - OREGON
3.11 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - OREGON
3.12 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - WASHINGTON
3.13 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - WASHINGTON
4 GREAT LAKES
4.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4.2 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - ILLINOIS
4.3 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - ILLINOIS
4.4 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - INDIANA
4.5 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - INDIANA
4.6 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - MICHIGAN
4.7 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - MICHIGAN
4.8 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - OHIO
4.9 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - OHIO
4.10 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - WISCONSIN
4.11 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - WISCONSIN
5 MID-ATLANTIC
5.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
5.2 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - DELAWARE
5.3 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - DELAWARE
5.4 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
5.5 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
5.6 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - MARYLAND
5.7 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - MARYLAND
5.8 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - NEW JERSEY
5.9 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - NEW JERSEY
5.10 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - NEW YORK
5.11 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - NEW YORK
5.12 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - PENNSYLVANIA
5.13 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - PENNSYLVANIA
6 NEW ENGLAND
6.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
6.2 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - CONNECTICUT
6.3 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - CONNECTICUT
6.4 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - MAINE
6.5 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - MAINE
6.6 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - MASSACHUSETTS
6.7 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - MASSACHUSETTS
6.8 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - NEW HAMPSHIRE
6.9 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - NEW HAMPSHIRE
6.10 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - RHODE ISLAND
6.11 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - RHODE ISLAND
6.12 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - VERMONT
6.13 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - VERMONT
7 PLAINS
7.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
7.2 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - IOWA
7.3 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - IOWA
7.4 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - KANSAS
7.5 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - KANSAS
7.6 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - MINNESOTA
7.7 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - MINNESOTA
7.8 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - MISSOURI
7.9 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - MISSOURI
7.10 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - NEBRASKA
7.11 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - NEBRASKA
7.12 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - NORTH DAKOTA
7.13 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - NORTH DAKOTA
7.14 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - SOUTH DAKOTA
7.15 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - SOUTH DAKOTA
8 ROCKIES
8.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
8.2 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - COLORADO
8.3 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - COLORADO
8.4 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - IDAHO
8.5 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - IDAHO
8.6 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - MONTANA
8.7 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - MONTANA
8.8 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - UTAH
8.9 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - UTAH
8.10 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - WYOMING
8.11 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - WYOMING
9 SOUTHEAST
9.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
9.2 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - ALABAMA
9.3 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - ALABAMA
9.4 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - ARKANSAS
9.5 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - ARKANSAS
9.6 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - FLORIDA
9.7 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - FLORIDA
9.8 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - GEORGIA
9.9 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - GEORGIA
9.10 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - KENTUCKY
9.11 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - KENTUCKY
9.12 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - LOUISIANA
9.13 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - LOUISIANA
9.14 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - MISSISSIPPI
9.15 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - MISSISSIPPI
9.16 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - NORTH CAROLINA
9.17 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - NORTH CAROLINA
9.18 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - SOUTH CAROLINA
9.19 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - SOUTH CAROLINA
9.20 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - TENNESSEE
9.21 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - TENNESSEE
9.22 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - VIRGINIA
9.23 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - VIRGINIA
9.24 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - WEST VIRGINIA
9.25 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - WEST VIRGINIA
10 SOUTHWEST
10.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
10.2 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - ARIZONA
10.3 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - ARIZONA
10.4 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - NEW MEXICO
10.5 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - NEW MEXICO
10.6 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - OKLAHOMA
10.7 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - OKLAHOMA
10.8 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - TEXAS
10.9 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - TEXAS
11 DISCLAIMERS, WARRANTIES, AND USER AGREEMENT PROVISIONS
11.1 DISCLAIMERS & SAFE HARBOR
11.2 ICON GROUP INTERNATIONAL, INC. USER AGREEMENT PROVISIONS
1.1 OVERVIEW
1.2 WHAT IS LATENT DEMAND AND THE P.I.E.?
1.3 THE METHODOLOGY
1.3.1 STEP 1. PRODUCT DEFINITION AND DATA COLLECTION
1.3.2 STEP 2. FILTERING AND SMOOTHING
1.3.3 STEP 3. FILLING IN MISSING VALUES
1.3.4 STEP 4. VARYING PARAMETER, NON-LINEAR ESTIMATION
1.3.5 STEP 5. FIXED-PARAMETER LINEAR ESTIMATION
1.3.6 STEP 6. AGGREGATION AND BENCHMARKING
1.4 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ)
1.4.1 CATEGORY DEFINITION
1.4.2 UNITS
1.4.3 METHODOLOGY
2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
2.1 LATENT DEMAND IN THE UNITED STATES
2.2 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR IN THE UNITED STATES
2.3 TOP 100 CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES
3 FAR WEST
3.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3.2 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - ALASKA
3.3 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - ALASKA
3.4 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - CALIFORNIA
3.5 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - CALIFORNIA
3.6 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - HAWAII
3.7 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - HAWAII
3.8 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - NEVADA
3.9 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - NEVADA
3.10 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - OREGON
3.11 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - OREGON
3.12 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - WASHINGTON
3.13 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - WASHINGTON
4 GREAT LAKES
4.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4.2 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - ILLINOIS
4.3 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - ILLINOIS
4.4 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - INDIANA
4.5 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - INDIANA
4.6 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - MICHIGAN
4.7 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - MICHIGAN
4.8 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - OHIO
4.9 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - OHIO
4.10 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - WISCONSIN
4.11 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - WISCONSIN
5 MID-ATLANTIC
5.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
5.2 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - DELAWARE
5.3 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - DELAWARE
5.4 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
5.5 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
5.6 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - MARYLAND
5.7 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - MARYLAND
5.8 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - NEW JERSEY
5.9 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - NEW JERSEY
5.10 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - NEW YORK
5.11 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - NEW YORK
5.12 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - PENNSYLVANIA
5.13 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - PENNSYLVANIA
6 NEW ENGLAND
6.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
6.2 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - CONNECTICUT
6.3 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - CONNECTICUT
6.4 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - MAINE
6.5 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - MAINE
6.6 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - MASSACHUSETTS
6.7 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - MASSACHUSETTS
6.8 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - NEW HAMPSHIRE
6.9 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - NEW HAMPSHIRE
6.10 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - RHODE ISLAND
6.11 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - RHODE ISLAND
6.12 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - VERMONT
6.13 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - VERMONT
7 PLAINS
7.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
7.2 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - IOWA
7.3 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - IOWA
7.4 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - KANSAS
7.5 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - KANSAS
7.6 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - MINNESOTA
7.7 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - MINNESOTA
7.8 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - MISSOURI
7.9 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - MISSOURI
7.10 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - NEBRASKA
7.11 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - NEBRASKA
7.12 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - NORTH DAKOTA
7.13 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - NORTH DAKOTA
7.14 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - SOUTH DAKOTA
7.15 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - SOUTH DAKOTA
8 ROCKIES
8.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
8.2 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - COLORADO
8.3 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - COLORADO
8.4 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - IDAHO
8.5 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - IDAHO
8.6 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - MONTANA
8.7 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - MONTANA
8.8 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - UTAH
8.9 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - UTAH
8.10 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - WYOMING
8.11 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - WYOMING
9 SOUTHEAST
9.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
9.2 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - ALABAMA
9.3 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - ALABAMA
9.4 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - ARKANSAS
9.5 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - ARKANSAS
9.6 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - FLORIDA
9.7 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - FLORIDA
9.8 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - GEORGIA
9.9 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - GEORGIA
9.10 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - KENTUCKY
9.11 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - KENTUCKY
9.12 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - LOUISIANA
9.13 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - LOUISIANA
9.14 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - MISSISSIPPI
9.15 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - MISSISSIPPI
9.16 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - NORTH CAROLINA
9.17 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - NORTH CAROLINA
9.18 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - SOUTH CAROLINA
9.19 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - SOUTH CAROLINA
9.20 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - TENNESSEE
9.21 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - TENNESSEE
9.22 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - VIRGINIA
9.23 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - VIRGINIA
9.24 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - WEST VIRGINIA
9.25 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - WEST VIRGINIA
10 SOUTHWEST
10.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
10.2 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - ARIZONA
10.3 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - ARIZONA
10.4 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - NEW MEXICO
10.5 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - NEW MEXICO
10.6 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - OKLAHOMA
10.7 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - OKLAHOMA
10.8 LATENT DEMAND BY YEAR - TEXAS
10.9 CITIES SORTED BY RANK - TEXAS
11 DISCLAIMERS, WARRANTIES, AND USER AGREEMENT PROVISIONS
11.1 DISCLAIMERS & SAFE HARBOR
11.2 ICON GROUP INTERNATIONAL, INC. USER AGREEMENT PROVISIONS
