EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET FORECAST 2018-2026
KEY FINDINGS
The Europe IOT in energy & utility application market was calculated to be worth $5403 million in 2017. The market is forecasted to grow with 20.26% CAGR between the projected years of 2018-2026, raising an estimated revenue of $28210 million by the end of 2026.
MARKET INSIGHTS
Slow economic growth has resulted in low spending on IT and research and development in the European market. This slower-than-average growth is expected to continue over the projected years, although countries such as Germany, France, and the U.K. are expected to achieve relatively strong growth in their respective home markets. The France IOT in energy & utility application market is predicted to showcase the highest CAGR. France has plans for the widespread installation of smart meters, and has very strong utility gas management and electricity grid supply and management markets. Smart meters are still in the process of being rolled out all over France, following the installations of Linky electricity meters in 2015. The U.K. will continue to be an interesting market and will present growth opportunities for all stakeholders. Positive growth drivers include government support, technological knowledge, strong IT spending, and the large presence of technology and IoT companies. Also, the presence of technology companies and government support is expected to increase the German market reach considerably over the estimated years.
COMPETITIVE INSIGHTS
Market giants like Davra Networks Limited, Robert Bosch Gmbh, OSIsoft Llc, Northwest Analytics Inc, Trilliant Incorporated, Qualcomm Incorporated, Amplia Soluciones S.L, Networked Energy Services (NES) Corp, Symboticware Inc, Sap Se, General Electric Corp, and Cisco Systems Inc are engaged in this region.
The Europe IOT in energy & utility application market was calculated to be worth $5403 million in 2017. The market is forecasted to grow with 20.26% CAGR between the projected years of 2018-2026, raising an estimated revenue of $28210 million by the end of 2026.
MARKET INSIGHTS
Slow economic growth has resulted in low spending on IT and research and development in the European market. This slower-than-average growth is expected to continue over the projected years, although countries such as Germany, France, and the U.K. are expected to achieve relatively strong growth in their respective home markets. The France IOT in energy & utility application market is predicted to showcase the highest CAGR. France has plans for the widespread installation of smart meters, and has very strong utility gas management and electricity grid supply and management markets. Smart meters are still in the process of being rolled out all over France, following the installations of Linky electricity meters in 2015. The U.K. will continue to be an interesting market and will present growth opportunities for all stakeholders. Positive growth drivers include government support, technological knowledge, strong IT spending, and the large presence of technology and IoT companies. Also, the presence of technology companies and government support is expected to increase the German market reach considerably over the estimated years.
COMPETITIVE INSIGHTS
Market giants like Davra Networks Limited, Robert Bosch Gmbh, OSIsoft Llc, Northwest Analytics Inc, Trilliant Incorporated, Qualcomm Incorporated, Amplia Soluciones S.L, Networked Energy Services (NES) Corp, Symboticware Inc, Sap Se, General Electric Corp, and Cisco Systems Inc are engaged in this region.
1. RESEARCH SCOPE
1.1. STUDY GOALS
1.2. SCOPE OF THE MARKET STUDY
1.3. WHO WILL FIND THIS REPORT USEFUL?
1.4. STUDY AND FORECASTING YEARS
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1. SOURCES OF DATA
2.1.1. SECONDARY DATA
2.1.2. PRIMARY DATA
2.2. TOP DOWN APPROACH
2.3. BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
2.4. DATA TRIANGULATION
3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3.1. MARKET SUMMARY
3.2. KEY FINDINGS
3.2.1. DEVELOPMENT OF SMART METERS
3.2.2. EXPONENTIAL GROWTH OF NONTRADITIONAL IOT AND TECHNOLOGY COMPANIES
3.2.3. PROACTIVE BENEFITS OF IOT DATA
4. MARKET DYNAMICS
4.1. MARKET DEFINITION
4.2. DRIVERS
4.2.1. DEMAND TO INCREASE OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY
4.2.2. INCREASING CONSUMPTION AND DEMAND FOR ENERGY GENERATION
4.2.3. GROWING REGULATIONS TO IMPROVE THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT
4.2.4. NEED TO PROVIDE BETTER SERVICES TO THE CUSTOMER
4.2.5. DECLINE IN PRICES OF IOT COMPONENTS AND AVAILABILITY OF NEXT-GENERATION SENSORS
4.3. RESTRAINTS
4.3.1. IOT SECURITY – A MAJOR RESTRAINT
4.3.2. LACK OF STANDARDS
4.4. OPPORTUNITIES
4.4.1. INCREASED SCOPE FOR MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS
4.4.2. INCREASING INVESTMENTS AND FUNDING
4.5. CHALLENGES
4.5.1. LACK OF SKILLED WORKFORCE
4.5.2. CUT THROAT COMPETITION
4.5.3. UNORGANIZED COMPANIES
5. MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY
5.1. HARDWARE
5.1.1. DEVICES
5.1.2. SENSORS
5.1.3. OTHERS
5.2. SERVICES
5.2.1. DEPLOYMENT AND INTEGRATION
5.2.2. SUPPORT AND MAINTENANCE
5.2.3. PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
5.3. SOFTWARE
5.3.1. OPERATIONAL CONTROL
5.3.2. ANALYTICS
5.3.3. SECURITY
5.3.4. GRID MANAGEMENT
5.3.5. OTHERS
5.4. CONNECTIVITY
5.4.1. SHORT-RANGE TECHNOLOGY
5.4.2. CELLULAR
5.4.3. LOW POWER WIDE AREA (LPWA)
5.4.4. OTHERS
6. MARKET BY END-USER
6.1. OIL AND GAS
6.2. UTILITY GAS MANAGEMENT
6.3. ELECTRICITY GRID AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
6.4. MINING
6.5. WATER MANAGEMENT
7. MARKET BY CONNECTIVITY
7.1. NON-CELLULAR
7.2. CELLULAR
8. KEY ANALYTICS
8.1. PORTERS 5 FORCE ANALYSIS
8.1.1. THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
8.1.2. THREAT OF SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS
8.1.3. BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
8.1.4. BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
8.1.5. INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
8.2. VENDOR LANDSCAPE
8.3. OPPORTUNITY MATRIX
9. GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
9.1. GERMANY
9.2. UK
9.3. FRANCE
9.4. ITALY
9.5. SPAIN
9.6. ROE
10. COMPANY PROFILES
10.1. ACLARA TECHNOLOGIES
10.2. AMPLIA SOLUCIONES S.L
10.3. C3 INC
10.4. CARRIOTS S.L
10.5. CISCO SYSTEMS INC
10.6. DAVRA NETWORKS LIMITED
10.7. ENERGYWORX B.V.
10.8. GENERAL ELECTRIC CORP.
10.9. GRID4C
10.10. HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL INC
10.11. IBM CORP
10.12. NETWORKED ENERGY SERVICES (NES) CORP
10.13. NORTHWEST ANALYTICS INC
10.14. OSISOFT LLC
10.15. QUALCOMM INCORPORATED
10.16. ROBERT BOSCH GMBH
10.17. SAP SE
10.18. SILVER SPRING NETWORKS INC
10.19. SYMBOTICWARE INC
10.20. TERADATA CORP
10.21 TRILLIANT INCORPORATED
10.22 WAVIOT
1.1. STUDY GOALS
1.2. SCOPE OF THE MARKET STUDY
1.3. WHO WILL FIND THIS REPORT USEFUL?
1.4. STUDY AND FORECASTING YEARS
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1. SOURCES OF DATA
2.1.1. SECONDARY DATA
2.1.2. PRIMARY DATA
2.2. TOP DOWN APPROACH
2.3. BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
2.4. DATA TRIANGULATION
3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3.1. MARKET SUMMARY
3.2. KEY FINDINGS
3.2.1. DEVELOPMENT OF SMART METERS
3.2.2. EXPONENTIAL GROWTH OF NONTRADITIONAL IOT AND TECHNOLOGY COMPANIES
3.2.3. PROACTIVE BENEFITS OF IOT DATA
4. MARKET DYNAMICS
4.1. MARKET DEFINITION
4.2. DRIVERS
4.2.1. DEMAND TO INCREASE OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY
4.2.2. INCREASING CONSUMPTION AND DEMAND FOR ENERGY GENERATION
4.2.3. GROWING REGULATIONS TO IMPROVE THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT
4.2.4. NEED TO PROVIDE BETTER SERVICES TO THE CUSTOMER
4.2.5. DECLINE IN PRICES OF IOT COMPONENTS AND AVAILABILITY OF NEXT-GENERATION SENSORS
4.3. RESTRAINTS
4.3.1. IOT SECURITY – A MAJOR RESTRAINT
4.3.2. LACK OF STANDARDS
4.4. OPPORTUNITIES
4.4.1. INCREASED SCOPE FOR MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS
4.4.2. INCREASING INVESTMENTS AND FUNDING
4.5. CHALLENGES
4.5.1. LACK OF SKILLED WORKFORCE
4.5.2. CUT THROAT COMPETITION
4.5.3. UNORGANIZED COMPANIES
5. MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY
5.1. HARDWARE
5.1.1. DEVICES
5.1.2. SENSORS
5.1.3. OTHERS
5.2. SERVICES
5.2.1. DEPLOYMENT AND INTEGRATION
5.2.2. SUPPORT AND MAINTENANCE
5.2.3. PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
5.3. SOFTWARE
5.3.1. OPERATIONAL CONTROL
5.3.2. ANALYTICS
5.3.3. SECURITY
5.3.4. GRID MANAGEMENT
5.3.5. OTHERS
5.4. CONNECTIVITY
5.4.1. SHORT-RANGE TECHNOLOGY
5.4.2. CELLULAR
5.4.3. LOW POWER WIDE AREA (LPWA)
5.4.4. OTHERS
6. MARKET BY END-USER
6.1. OIL AND GAS
6.2. UTILITY GAS MANAGEMENT
6.3. ELECTRICITY GRID AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
6.4. MINING
6.5. WATER MANAGEMENT
7. MARKET BY CONNECTIVITY
7.1. NON-CELLULAR
7.2. CELLULAR
8. KEY ANALYTICS
8.1. PORTERS 5 FORCE ANALYSIS
8.1.1. THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
8.1.2. THREAT OF SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS
8.1.3. BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
8.1.4. BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
8.1.5. INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
8.2. VENDOR LANDSCAPE
8.3. OPPORTUNITY MATRIX
9. GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
9.1. GERMANY
9.2. UK
9.3. FRANCE
9.4. ITALY
9.5. SPAIN
9.6. ROE
10. COMPANY PROFILES
10.1. ACLARA TECHNOLOGIES
10.2. AMPLIA SOLUCIONES S.L
10.3. C3 INC
10.4. CARRIOTS S.L
10.5. CISCO SYSTEMS INC
10.6. DAVRA NETWORKS LIMITED
10.7. ENERGYWORX B.V.
10.8. GENERAL ELECTRIC CORP.
10.9. GRID4C
10.10. HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL INC
10.11. IBM CORP
10.12. NETWORKED ENERGY SERVICES (NES) CORP
10.13. NORTHWEST ANALYTICS INC
10.14. OSISOFT LLC
10.15. QUALCOMM INCORPORATED
10.16. ROBERT BOSCH GMBH
10.17. SAP SE
10.18. SILVER SPRING NETWORKS INC
10.19. SYMBOTICWARE INC
10.20. TERADATA CORP
10.21 TRILLIANT INCORPORATED
10.22 WAVIOT
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET BY COUNTRY 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
TABLE 2 IMPORTANT ACQUISITIONS IN THE NORTH AMERICA IOT IN THE ENERGY & UTILITIES APPLICATION MARKET
TABLE 3 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
TABLE 4 EUROPE HARDWARE MARKET BY TYPE 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
TABLE 5 EUROPE SERVICES MARKET BY TYPE 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
TABLE 6 EUROPE SOFTWARE MARKET BY TYPE 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
TABLE 7 EUROPE CONNECTIVITY MARKET BY TYPE 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
TABLE 8 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET BY END-USERS 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
TABLE 9 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET BY CONNECTIVITY 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
TABLE 10 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET BY COUNTRY 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
TABLE 1 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET BY COUNTRY 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
TABLE 2 IMPORTANT ACQUISITIONS IN THE NORTH AMERICA IOT IN THE ENERGY & UTILITIES APPLICATION MARKET
TABLE 3 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
TABLE 4 EUROPE HARDWARE MARKET BY TYPE 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
TABLE 5 EUROPE SERVICES MARKET BY TYPE 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
TABLE 6 EUROPE SOFTWARE MARKET BY TYPE 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
TABLE 7 EUROPE CONNECTIVITY MARKET BY TYPE 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
TABLE 8 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET BY END-USERS 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
TABLE 9 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET BY CONNECTIVITY 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
TABLE 10 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET BY COUNTRY 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET BY END-USERS 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 2 EVOLUTION OF INTERNET OF THINGS
FIGURE 3 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET IN HARDWARE SECTOR 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 4 EUROPE DEVICES MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 5 EUROPE SENSORS MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 6 EUROPE OTHERS MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 7 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET IN SERVICES MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 8 EUROPE DEPLOYMENT AND INTEGRATION MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 9 EUROPE SUPPORT AND MAINTENANCE MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 10 EUROPE PROFESSIONAL SERVICES MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 11 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET IN SOFTWARE SECTOR 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 12 EUROPE OPERATIONAL CONTROL MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 13 EUROPE ANALYTICS MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 14 EUROPE SECURITY MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 15 EUROPE GRID MANAGEMENT MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 16 EUROPE OTHERS MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 17 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET IN CONNECTIVITY SECTOR 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 18 EUROPE SHORT-RANGE TECHNOLOGY MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 19 EUROPE CELLULAR MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 20 EUROPE LOW POWER WIDE AREA (LPWA) MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 21 EUROPE OTHERS MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 22 EUROPE OIL AND GAS MARKET 2018-2026 (2018-2026)
FIGURE 23 EUROPE UTILITY GAS MANAGEMENT MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 24 EUROPE ELECTRICITY GRID AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 25 EUROPE MINING MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 26 EUROPE WATER MANAGEMENT MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 27 EUROPE NON-CELLULAR MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 28 EUROPE CELLULAR MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 29 GERMANY IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 30 UK IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 31 FRANCE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 32 ITALY IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 33 SPAIN IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 34 ROE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
COMPANIES MENTIONED
1. ACLARA TECHNOLOGIES
2. AMPLIA SOLUCIONES S.L
3. C3 INC
4. CARRIOTS S.L
5. CISCO SYSTEMS INC
6. DAVRA NETWORKS LIMITED
7. ENERGYWORX B.V.
8. GENERAL ELECTRIC CORP.
9. GRID4C
10. HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL INC
11. IBM CORP
12. NETWORKED ENERGY SERVICES (NES) CORP
13. NORTHWEST ANALYTICS INC
14. OSISOFT LLC
15. QUALCOMM INCORPORATED
16. ROBERT BOSCH GMBH
17. SAP SE
18. SILVER SPRING NETWORKS INC
19. SYMBOTICWARE INC
20. TERADATA CORP
21 TRILLIANT INCORPORATED
22 WAVIOT
FIGURE 1 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET BY END-USERS 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 2 EVOLUTION OF INTERNET OF THINGS
FIGURE 3 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET IN HARDWARE SECTOR 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 4 EUROPE DEVICES MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 5 EUROPE SENSORS MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 6 EUROPE OTHERS MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 7 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET IN SERVICES MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 8 EUROPE DEPLOYMENT AND INTEGRATION MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 9 EUROPE SUPPORT AND MAINTENANCE MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 10 EUROPE PROFESSIONAL SERVICES MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 11 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET IN SOFTWARE SECTOR 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 12 EUROPE OPERATIONAL CONTROL MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 13 EUROPE ANALYTICS MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 14 EUROPE SECURITY MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 15 EUROPE GRID MANAGEMENT MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 16 EUROPE OTHERS MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 17 EUROPE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET IN CONNECTIVITY SECTOR 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 18 EUROPE SHORT-RANGE TECHNOLOGY MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 19 EUROPE CELLULAR MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 20 EUROPE LOW POWER WIDE AREA (LPWA) MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 21 EUROPE OTHERS MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 22 EUROPE OIL AND GAS MARKET 2018-2026 (2018-2026)
FIGURE 23 EUROPE UTILITY GAS MANAGEMENT MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 24 EUROPE ELECTRICITY GRID AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 25 EUROPE MINING MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 26 EUROPE WATER MANAGEMENT MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 27 EUROPE NON-CELLULAR MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 28 EUROPE CELLULAR MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 29 GERMANY IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 30 UK IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 31 FRANCE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 32 ITALY IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 33 SPAIN IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
FIGURE 34 ROE IOT IN ENERGY & UTILITY APPLICATION MARKET 2018-2026 ($ MILLION)
COMPANIES MENTIONED
1. ACLARA TECHNOLOGIES
2. AMPLIA SOLUCIONES S.L
3. C3 INC
4. CARRIOTS S.L
5. CISCO SYSTEMS INC
6. DAVRA NETWORKS LIMITED
7. ENERGYWORX B.V.
8. GENERAL ELECTRIC CORP.
9. GRID4C
10. HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL INC
11. IBM CORP
12. NETWORKED ENERGY SERVICES (NES) CORP
13. NORTHWEST ANALYTICS INC
14. OSISOFT LLC
15. QUALCOMM INCORPORATED
16. ROBERT BOSCH GMBH
17. SAP SE
18. SILVER SPRING NETWORKS INC
19. SYMBOTICWARE INC
20. TERADATA CORP
21 TRILLIANT INCORPORATED
22 WAVIOT
