Middle East Spiral Welded Pipe Market Outlook 2021
The HSAW/ Spiral pipes market in the Middle East region is anticipated to flourish at a healthy rate during the forecast period of 2015-2021. HSAW pipe market is backed up by the increasing infrastructural developments in most of the countries like Qatar, Saudi Arabia and U.A.E. In addition to that announcement of major upcoming pipeline projects in the Middle East would further bid to boost the HSAW pipe market of the region.
Country wise, Saudi Arabia is anticipated to have the largest market share of HSAW pipes followed by U.A.E. According to ERC, Saudi Arabia spiral welded pipe market (By volume) would witness the highest CAGR (Compound annual growth rate) of 7.3 % during 2015-2021
Presently, in Middle East on an average around 68% of installed desalination capacity is being utilized thus leaving 32% as not being utilized. As a result, there would be a less requirement for the expansion of desalination plants in the future; hitting the HSAW pipe industry negatively. Attributing to that same reason the HSAW pipes market (By Volume) in U.A.E. is anticipated to grow at a modest CAGR of 5.5% during the covered forecast period. In contrast, Iran has a greater potential for HSAW pipes but owing to the international sanctions, the production and consumption of HSAW pipes has declined drastically in recent years. However, after the removal of sanction in 2016-2017, Iran is anticipated to get a boom in the HSAW pipes market thus opening the market for domestic and international players. At present, Qatar has a considerable share in Middle East HSAW pipe market and is project to become an attractive market for HSAW pipes manufacturers and players due to upcoming project like Doha Metro and FIFA world cup 2022.
The major challenge that stands in front of the HSAW pipes market of the Middle East is the declining oil prices in the international market that has withdrawn most of the major industry players from investing in the exploration and production activities in the oil & gas sector. Although, oil and gas sector has only 18% demand of total HSAW market but this has led to the postponement and cancellation of major ongoing and upcoming pipeline projects in the region.
The HSAW pipe industry includes but not limited to major players like Saudi Steel Pipe Company, Jindal SAW Ltd., Gerab National Enterprises, Attieh Steel Ltd., Arabian Pipes Company, National Pipe Company Ltd. etc.
Country wise, Saudi Arabia is anticipated to have the largest market share of HSAW pipes followed by U.A.E. According to ERC, Saudi Arabia spiral welded pipe market (By volume) would witness the highest CAGR (Compound annual growth rate) of 7.3 % during 2015-2021
Presently, in Middle East on an average around 68% of installed desalination capacity is being utilized thus leaving 32% as not being utilized. As a result, there would be a less requirement for the expansion of desalination plants in the future; hitting the HSAW pipe industry negatively. Attributing to that same reason the HSAW pipes market (By Volume) in U.A.E. is anticipated to grow at a modest CAGR of 5.5% during the covered forecast period. In contrast, Iran has a greater potential for HSAW pipes but owing to the international sanctions, the production and consumption of HSAW pipes has declined drastically in recent years. However, after the removal of sanction in 2016-2017, Iran is anticipated to get a boom in the HSAW pipes market thus opening the market for domestic and international players. At present, Qatar has a considerable share in Middle East HSAW pipe market and is project to become an attractive market for HSAW pipes manufacturers and players due to upcoming project like Doha Metro and FIFA world cup 2022.
The major challenge that stands in front of the HSAW pipes market of the Middle East is the declining oil prices in the international market that has withdrawn most of the major industry players from investing in the exploration and production activities in the oil & gas sector. Although, oil and gas sector has only 18% demand of total HSAW market but this has led to the postponement and cancellation of major ongoing and upcoming pipeline projects in the region.
The HSAW pipe industry includes but not limited to major players like Saudi Steel Pipe Company, Jindal SAW Ltd., Gerab National Enterprises, Attieh Steel Ltd., Arabian Pipes Company, National Pipe Company Ltd. etc.
1. LIST OF FIGURES
2. LIST OF TABLES
3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
5. GLOBAL SPIRAL WELDED PIPES MARKET AN OVERVIEW
6. MIDDLE EAST SPIRAL WELDED PIPE MARKET AN OVERVIEW
7. MARKET SEGMENTATION
7.1 By Country
7.1.1 Saudi Arabia
7.1.2 U.A.E
7.1.3 Iran
7.1.4 Kuwait
7.1.5 Qatar
7.1.6 Oman
7.2 By Industry End Use
7.2.1 Oil and Gas Industry
7.2.2 Wastewater Treatment Industry
7.2.3 Construction and Infrastructure Industry
8. PORTER’S FIVE FORCE MODEL ANALYSIS
9. INDUSTRY GROWTH DRIVERS
9.1 Increased spending on construction and infrastructure
9.2 Rise in Oil and Gas Sector Projects
9.3 Rise in government spending on water projects
10. RESTRAINTS
10.1 Impact of falling Oil Prices
10.2 Limitations on use of HSAW
11. RISK ANALYSIS
11.1 Supply Risk - Medium
11.2 Demand Risk - Medium
12. A GLANCE AT THE UPCOMING AND ONGOING PIPELINE PROJECTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST
13. GOVERNMENT STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS
14. MARKET ATTRACTIVENESS
15. BASIC POINT SCALE ANALYSIS (BPS)
16. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
16.1 ArcelorMittal
16.1.1 Company Overview
16.1.2 Products and Services
16.1.2.1 Key Financials
16.1.3 Recent Trends and Developments
16.2 Welspun Corp
16.2.1 Company Overview
16.2.2 Products and services
16.2.3 Key Financials
16.2.4 Recent Trends and Developments
16.3 TMK- Group
16.3.1 Company Overview
16.3.2 Products and Services
16.3.3 Key Financials
16.3.4 Recent news and developments
16.4 Saudi Steel Pipe Company
16.4.1 Company Overview
16.4.2 Products and services
16.4.3 Key Financials
16.4.4 Recent News & Developments
16.5 EVRAZ
16.5.1 Company Overview
16.5.2 Products and Services
16.5.3 Key Financials
16.5.4 Recent news & developments
16.6 Vallourec S.A.
16.6.1 Company Overview
16.6.2 Products and services
16.6.3 Key Financials
16.6.4 Recent news & developments
16.7 Jindal SAW Ltd.
16.7.1 Company Overview
16.7.2 Products and services
16.7.3 Key Financials
16.7.4 Recent news & developments
16.8 National Pipe Co. Ltd.
16.8.1 Company Overview
16.8.2 Products and services
16.8.3 Key Financials
16.8.4 Recent news & developments
16.9 Gerab National Enterprises LLC
16.9.1 Company Overview
16.9.2 Products and services
16.9.3 Key Financials
16.9.4 Recent news & developments
16.10 Al Jazeera Steel Products Co.
16.10.1 Company Overview
16.10.2 Products and services
16.10.3 Key Financials
16.10.4 Recent news & developments
16.11 Attieh Steel Ltd.
16.11.1 Company Overview
16.11.1 Products and services
16.11.2 Key Financials
16.11.3 Recent news & developments
16.12 JFE Steel Corporation
16.12.1 Company Overview
16.12.2 Products and Services
16.12.3 Key Financials
16.12.4 Recent news & developments
16.13 EEW Group
16.13.1 Company Overview
16.13.2 Products and Services
16.13.3 Key Financials
16.13.4 Recent news & developments
16.14 PSL Limited
16.14.1 Company Overview
16.14.2 Products and Services
16.14.2.1 Key Financials
16.14.3 Recent news & developments
16.15 Arabian Pipes Co.
16.15.1 Company Overview
16.15.2 Products & Services
16.15.3 Key Financials
16.15.4 Recent news & developments
DISCLAIMER
2. LIST OF TABLES
3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
5. GLOBAL SPIRAL WELDED PIPES MARKET AN OVERVIEW
6. MIDDLE EAST SPIRAL WELDED PIPE MARKET AN OVERVIEW
7. MARKET SEGMENTATION
7.1 By Country
7.1.1 Saudi Arabia
7.1.2 U.A.E
7.1.3 Iran
7.1.4 Kuwait
7.1.5 Qatar
7.1.6 Oman
7.2 By Industry End Use
7.2.1 Oil and Gas Industry
7.2.2 Wastewater Treatment Industry
7.2.3 Construction and Infrastructure Industry
8. PORTER’S FIVE FORCE MODEL ANALYSIS
9. INDUSTRY GROWTH DRIVERS
9.1 Increased spending on construction and infrastructure
9.2 Rise in Oil and Gas Sector Projects
9.3 Rise in government spending on water projects
10. RESTRAINTS
10.1 Impact of falling Oil Prices
10.2 Limitations on use of HSAW
11. RISK ANALYSIS
11.1 Supply Risk - Medium
11.2 Demand Risk - Medium
12. A GLANCE AT THE UPCOMING AND ONGOING PIPELINE PROJECTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST
13. GOVERNMENT STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS
14. MARKET ATTRACTIVENESS
15. BASIC POINT SCALE ANALYSIS (BPS)
16. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
16.1 ArcelorMittal
16.1.1 Company Overview
16.1.2 Products and Services
16.1.2.1 Key Financials
16.1.3 Recent Trends and Developments
16.2 Welspun Corp
16.2.1 Company Overview
16.2.2 Products and services
16.2.3 Key Financials
16.2.4 Recent Trends and Developments
16.3 TMK- Group
16.3.1 Company Overview
16.3.2 Products and Services
16.3.3 Key Financials
16.3.4 Recent news and developments
16.4 Saudi Steel Pipe Company
16.4.1 Company Overview
16.4.2 Products and services
16.4.3 Key Financials
16.4.4 Recent News & Developments
16.5 EVRAZ
16.5.1 Company Overview
16.5.2 Products and Services
16.5.3 Key Financials
16.5.4 Recent news & developments
16.6 Vallourec S.A.
16.6.1 Company Overview
16.6.2 Products and services
16.6.3 Key Financials
16.6.4 Recent news & developments
16.7 Jindal SAW Ltd.
16.7.1 Company Overview
16.7.2 Products and services
16.7.3 Key Financials
16.7.4 Recent news & developments
16.8 National Pipe Co. Ltd.
16.8.1 Company Overview
16.8.2 Products and services
16.8.3 Key Financials
16.8.4 Recent news & developments
16.9 Gerab National Enterprises LLC
16.9.1 Company Overview
16.9.2 Products and services
16.9.3 Key Financials
16.9.4 Recent news & developments
16.10 Al Jazeera Steel Products Co.
16.10.1 Company Overview
16.10.2 Products and services
16.10.3 Key Financials
16.10.4 Recent news & developments
16.11 Attieh Steel Ltd.
16.11.1 Company Overview
16.11.1 Products and services
16.11.2 Key Financials
16.11.3 Recent news & developments
16.12 JFE Steel Corporation
16.12.1 Company Overview
16.12.2 Products and Services
16.12.3 Key Financials
16.12.4 Recent news & developments
16.13 EEW Group
16.13.1 Company Overview
16.13.2 Products and Services
16.13.3 Key Financials
16.13.4 Recent news & developments
16.14 PSL Limited
16.14.1 Company Overview
16.14.2 Products and Services
16.14.2.1 Key Financials
16.14.3 Recent news & developments
16.15 Arabian Pipes Co.
16.15.1 Company Overview
16.15.2 Products & Services
16.15.3 Key Financials
16.15.4 Recent news & developments
DISCLAIMER
LIST OF TABLES
Table 5-1: Number of upcoming pipeline projects in the world
Table 7-1: Iran- Capacity of desalination plants based on technology (Million cubic meters per year)
Table 7-2: Kuwait- Capacity of desalination plants based on technology (Million cubic meters per year)
Table 7-3: Qatar- Capacity of desalination plants based on technology (Million cubic meters per year)
Table 7-4: Oman- Capacity of desalination plants based on technology (Million cubic meters per year)
Table 7-5: Major ongoing and upcoming infrastructure projects in Saudi Arabia
Table 7-6: Major ongoing and upcoming infrastructure projects in U.A.E
Table 7-7: Major ongoing and upcoming infrastructure projects in Iran
Table 7-8: Major ongoing and upcoming infrastructure projects in Iraq
Table 7-9: Major ongoing and upcoming infrastructure projects in Kuwait
Table 7-10: Major ongoing and upcoming infrastructure projects in Qatar
Table 7-11: Investment on Real Estate highest by Qatar in 2014
Table 7-12: Major ongoing and upcoming infrastructure projects in Oman
Table 16-1: Arcelor Mittal key financials, 2013-2014
Table 16-2: Arcelor Mittal revenue by products (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-3: Arcelor Mittal revenue by country (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-4: Welspun key financials (Millions USD), 2014-2015
Table 16-5: Welspun revenue by products (USD Millions), 2013-2015
Table 16-6: TMK key financials (USD Millions), 2013-2014
Table 16-7: TMK revenue by regions (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-8: TMK revenue by products (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-9: Saudi Steel Pipe Co. key financials (USD Millions), 2013-2014
Table 16-10: EVRAZ key financials (USD Millions), 2013-2014
Table 16-11: EVRAZ revenue by regions (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-12: EVRAZ revenue by products (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-13: Vallourec S.A. key financials (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-14: Vallourec S.A-Revenue by regions (USD millions) (2013-2014)
Table 16-15: Vallourec S.A-Revenue by market (USD millions) (2013-2014)
Table 16-16: Jindal SAW Ltd. key financials (USD Millions), 2013-2015
Table 16-17: Gerab National Enterprises LLC financial summary (USD Millions)
Table 16-18: Al Jazeera Steel key financials (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-19: Al Jazeera Steel revenue by products (Metric Tonnes), 2012-2014
Table 16-20: JFE Holdings, Inc. key financials (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-21: JFE Holdings, Inc. revenue by segment (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-22: PSL Limited key financials (USD Millions), 2014
Table 16-23: PSL Limited revenue by products (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-24: Arabian Pipes Co. financial summary (USD Millions)
Table 5-1: Number of upcoming pipeline projects in the world
Table 7-1: Iran- Capacity of desalination plants based on technology (Million cubic meters per year)
Table 7-2: Kuwait- Capacity of desalination plants based on technology (Million cubic meters per year)
Table 7-3: Qatar- Capacity of desalination plants based on technology (Million cubic meters per year)
Table 7-4: Oman- Capacity of desalination plants based on technology (Million cubic meters per year)
Table 7-5: Major ongoing and upcoming infrastructure projects in Saudi Arabia
Table 7-6: Major ongoing and upcoming infrastructure projects in U.A.E
Table 7-7: Major ongoing and upcoming infrastructure projects in Iran
Table 7-8: Major ongoing and upcoming infrastructure projects in Iraq
Table 7-9: Major ongoing and upcoming infrastructure projects in Kuwait
Table 7-10: Major ongoing and upcoming infrastructure projects in Qatar
Table 7-11: Investment on Real Estate highest by Qatar in 2014
Table 7-12: Major ongoing and upcoming infrastructure projects in Oman
Table 16-1: Arcelor Mittal key financials, 2013-2014
Table 16-2: Arcelor Mittal revenue by products (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-3: Arcelor Mittal revenue by country (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-4: Welspun key financials (Millions USD), 2014-2015
Table 16-5: Welspun revenue by products (USD Millions), 2013-2015
Table 16-6: TMK key financials (USD Millions), 2013-2014
Table 16-7: TMK revenue by regions (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-8: TMK revenue by products (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-9: Saudi Steel Pipe Co. key financials (USD Millions), 2013-2014
Table 16-10: EVRAZ key financials (USD Millions), 2013-2014
Table 16-11: EVRAZ revenue by regions (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-12: EVRAZ revenue by products (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-13: Vallourec S.A. key financials (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-14: Vallourec S.A-Revenue by regions (USD millions) (2013-2014)
Table 16-15: Vallourec S.A-Revenue by market (USD millions) (2013-2014)
Table 16-16: Jindal SAW Ltd. key financials (USD Millions), 2013-2015
Table 16-17: Gerab National Enterprises LLC financial summary (USD Millions)
Table 16-18: Al Jazeera Steel key financials (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-19: Al Jazeera Steel revenue by products (Metric Tonnes), 2012-2014
Table 16-20: JFE Holdings, Inc. key financials (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-21: JFE Holdings, Inc. revenue by segment (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-22: PSL Limited key financials (USD Millions), 2014
Table 16-23: PSL Limited revenue by products (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Table 16-24: Arabian Pipes Co. financial summary (USD Millions)
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 5- 1: Global HSAW pipe Market Size by volume (Million metric tonnes) & Y-O-Y Growth (%)
Figure 5- 2: Global Energy Demand in 2010 and Forecast in 2025 (quadrillion BTUs)
Figure 6-1: % share of country in terms of HSAW pipes consumption in 2015
Figure 7-1: Saudi Arabia HSAW pipe Market Size by consumption (kilotons) & Y-O-Y Growth (%)
Figure 7-2: Saudi Arabia HSAW pipe Market Size by value (USD Millions) & Y-O-Y Growth (%)
Figure 7-3: UAE HSAW pipe Market Size by volume (Kilotons) & Y-O-Y Growth (%)
Figure 7- 4: UAE HSAW pipe Market Size by value (USD Millions)
Figure 7-5: Iran HSAW pipe Market Size by volume (Kilotons) & Y-O-Y Growth (%)
Figure 7-6: Iran HSAW pipe Market Size by value (USD Millions)
Figure 7-7: Kuwait HSAW pipe Market Size by volume (Kilotons) & Y-O-Y Growth (%)
Figure 7-8: Kuwait HSAW pipe Market Size by value (USD Millions)
Figure 7-9: Qatar HSAW pipe Market Size by volume (Kilotons) & Y-O-Y Growth (%)
Figure 7-10: Qatar HSAW pipe Market Size by value (USD Millions)
Figure 7-11: Oman HSAW pipe Market Size by volume (Kilotons) & Y-O-Y Growth (%)
Figure 7-12: Oman HSAW pipe Market Size by value (USD Millions)
Figure 7-13: Industry wise % share of HSAW pipes
Figure 7-14: % share of oil reserves in Middle East by country at the end of 2014
Figure 7-15: % share of gas reserves in Middle East by country at the end of 2014
Figure 7-16: Oil production by GCC countries in 2015 (Thousand barrels per day)
Figure 7-17: Production of oil in Iran since 2010 (Thousand barrels per day)
Figure 7-18: Production of oil in Iraq since 2010 (thousand barrels per day)
Figure 7-19: Oil consumption in Middle East in 2014 (thousand barrels per day)
Figure 7-20: Natural gas consumption in Middle East in 2014 (billion cubic meters per day)
Figure 7-21: Water Supply capacity by resources in Saudi Area forecast to 2030
Figure 7-22: Total (Industrial, agricultural and domestic) water demand in Saudi Arabia
Figure 7-23: Desalination capacity and production in UAE
Figure 7-24: Water consumption % in U.A.E. in 2014
Figure 7-25: % consumption of fresh water by various sectors in Iran
Figure 7-26: Estimated requirement of water by various sectors in Iraq, 2015
Figure 7-27: % use of water by various sectors in Kuwait
Figure 7-28: % Use of water by various sectors in Qatar
Figure 7-29: % use of water by various sectors in Oman
Figure 7-30: Total value of construction contracts awarded to GCC countries during
Figure 8-1: Porter`s Five Force Model, 2015
Figure 16-1: Arcelor Mittal revenue (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Figure 16-2: Welspun revenue (USD Millions), 2013-2015
Figure 16-3: TMK revenue (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Figure 16-4: Saudi Steel Pipe Co. revenue (USD Millions), 2013-2015
Figure 16-5: EVRAZ revenue (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Figure 16-6: Vallourec S.A. revenue (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Figure 16-7: Jindal SAW Ltd. revenue (USD Millions), 2013-2015
Figure 16-8: Al Jazeera Steel revenue (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Figure 16-9: JFE Holdings, Inc. revenue (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Figure 16-10: PSL Limited revenue (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Figure 5- 1: Global HSAW pipe Market Size by volume (Million metric tonnes) & Y-O-Y Growth (%)
Figure 5- 2: Global Energy Demand in 2010 and Forecast in 2025 (quadrillion BTUs)
Figure 6-1: % share of country in terms of HSAW pipes consumption in 2015
Figure 7-1: Saudi Arabia HSAW pipe Market Size by consumption (kilotons) & Y-O-Y Growth (%)
Figure 7-2: Saudi Arabia HSAW pipe Market Size by value (USD Millions) & Y-O-Y Growth (%)
Figure 7-3: UAE HSAW pipe Market Size by volume (Kilotons) & Y-O-Y Growth (%)
Figure 7- 4: UAE HSAW pipe Market Size by value (USD Millions)
Figure 7-5: Iran HSAW pipe Market Size by volume (Kilotons) & Y-O-Y Growth (%)
Figure 7-6: Iran HSAW pipe Market Size by value (USD Millions)
Figure 7-7: Kuwait HSAW pipe Market Size by volume (Kilotons) & Y-O-Y Growth (%)
Figure 7-8: Kuwait HSAW pipe Market Size by value (USD Millions)
Figure 7-9: Qatar HSAW pipe Market Size by volume (Kilotons) & Y-O-Y Growth (%)
Figure 7-10: Qatar HSAW pipe Market Size by value (USD Millions)
Figure 7-11: Oman HSAW pipe Market Size by volume (Kilotons) & Y-O-Y Growth (%)
Figure 7-12: Oman HSAW pipe Market Size by value (USD Millions)
Figure 7-13: Industry wise % share of HSAW pipes
Figure 7-14: % share of oil reserves in Middle East by country at the end of 2014
Figure 7-15: % share of gas reserves in Middle East by country at the end of 2014
Figure 7-16: Oil production by GCC countries in 2015 (Thousand barrels per day)
Figure 7-17: Production of oil in Iran since 2010 (Thousand barrels per day)
Figure 7-18: Production of oil in Iraq since 2010 (thousand barrels per day)
Figure 7-19: Oil consumption in Middle East in 2014 (thousand barrels per day)
Figure 7-20: Natural gas consumption in Middle East in 2014 (billion cubic meters per day)
Figure 7-21: Water Supply capacity by resources in Saudi Area forecast to 2030
Figure 7-22: Total (Industrial, agricultural and domestic) water demand in Saudi Arabia
Figure 7-23: Desalination capacity and production in UAE
Figure 7-24: Water consumption % in U.A.E. in 2014
Figure 7-25: % consumption of fresh water by various sectors in Iran
Figure 7-26: Estimated requirement of water by various sectors in Iraq, 2015
Figure 7-27: % use of water by various sectors in Kuwait
Figure 7-28: % Use of water by various sectors in Qatar
Figure 7-29: % use of water by various sectors in Oman
Figure 7-30: Total value of construction contracts awarded to GCC countries during
Figure 8-1: Porter`s Five Force Model, 2015
Figure 16-1: Arcelor Mittal revenue (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Figure 16-2: Welspun revenue (USD Millions), 2013-2015
Figure 16-3: TMK revenue (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Figure 16-4: Saudi Steel Pipe Co. revenue (USD Millions), 2013-2015
Figure 16-5: EVRAZ revenue (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Figure 16-6: Vallourec S.A. revenue (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Figure 16-7: Jindal SAW Ltd. revenue (USD Millions), 2013-2015
Figure 16-8: Al Jazeera Steel revenue (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Figure 16-9: JFE Holdings, Inc. revenue (USD Millions), 2012-2014
Figure 16-10: PSL Limited revenue (USD Millions), 2012-2014
