China Polyester Geogrid Market Research Report 2017

December 2017 | 101 pages | ID: CC03D3AF417EN
QYResearch

Abstracts

The global Polyester Geogrid market is valued at XX million USD in 2016 and is expected to reach XX million USD by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

China plays an important role in global market, with market size of xx million USD in 2016 and will be xx million USD in 2022, with a CAGR of xx%.

This report studies the Polyester Geogrid development status and future trend in China, focuses on top players in China, also splits Polyester Geogrid by type and by applications, to fully and deeply research and reveal the market general situation and future forecast.

The major players in China market include

• Ace Geosynthetics
• TenCate NV
• Agru America Inc
• Asahi-Kasei Geotech
• Belton Industries Inc
• GSE Environmental, Inc
• Huesker Synthetic GmbH
• Cetco
• Hanes Geo Components
• Tenax

Geographically, this report splits the China market into six regions,

• South China
• East China
• Southwest China
• Northeast China
• North China
• Central China
• Northwest China

On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume (K MT), revenue (Million USD), product price (USD/MT), market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Biaxial Tension
• Uniaxial Tension

On the basis of the end users/application, this report covers

• Road & Pavement
• Railroads
• Drainage Systems
• Containment & Waste Water
• Soil Reinforcement & Erosion

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

China Polyester Geogrid Market Research Report 2017

1 POLYESTER GEOGRID OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Polyester Geogrid
1.2 Classification of Polyester Geogrid by Product Category
  1.2.1 China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)
  1.2.2 China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) Market Share by Type in 2016
  1.2.3 Biaxial Tension
  1.2.4 Uniaxial Tension
1.3 China Polyester Geogrid Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) and Market Share Comparison by Applications (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 Road & Pavement
  1.3.3 Railroads
  1.3.4 Drainage Systems
  1.3.5 Containment & Waste Water
  1.3.6 Soil Reinforcement & Erosion
1.4 China Polyester Geogrid Market by Region
  1.4.1 China Polyester Geogrid Market Size (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 South China Polyester Geogrid Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 East China Polyester Geogrid Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 Southwest China Polyester Geogrid Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 Northeast China Polyester Geogrid Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 North China Polyester Geogrid Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 Central China Polyester Geogrid Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 China Market Size (Sales and Revenue) of Polyester Geogrid (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)
  1.5.2 China Polyester Geogrid Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)

2 CHINA POLYESTER GEOGRID MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/MANUFACTURERS

2.1 China Polyester Geogrid Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
2.2 China Polyester Geogrid Revenue and Share by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
2.3 China Polyester Geogrid Average Price (USD/MT) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
2.4 China Polyester Geogrid Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 China Polyester Geogrid Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 China Polyester Geogrid Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Manufacturers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in China Market
2.5 China Players/Manufacturers Polyester Geogrid Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Types

3 CHINA POLYESTER GEOGRID SALES AND REVENUE BY REGION (2012-2017)

3.1 China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 China Polyester Geogrid Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 China Polyester Geogrid Price (USD/MT) by Regions (2012-2017)

4 CHINA '&B1&' SALES AND REVENUE BY TYPE/ PRODUCT CATEGORY (2012-2017)'

4.1 China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Type/ Product Category (2012-2017)
4.2 China Polyester Geogrid Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 China Polyester Geogrid Price (USD/MT) by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 China Polyester Geogrid Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2012-2017)

5 CHINA '&B1&' SALES BY APPLICATION (2012-2017)'

5.1 China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
5.2 China Polyester Geogrid Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 CHINA POLYESTER GEOGRID PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 Ace Geosynthetics
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Polyester Geogrid Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 Ace Geosynthetics Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 TenCate NV
  6.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.2.2 Polyester Geogrid Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 TenCate NV Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Agru America Inc
  6.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.3.2 Polyester Geogrid Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Agru America Inc Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Asahi-Kasei Geotech
  6.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.4.2 Polyester Geogrid Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Asahi-Kasei Geotech Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Belton Industries Inc
  6.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.5.2 Polyester Geogrid Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Belton Industries Inc Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 GSE Environmental, Inc
  6.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.6.2 Polyester Geogrid Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 GSE Environmental, Inc Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Huesker Synthetic GmbH
  6.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.7.2 Polyester Geogrid Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Huesker Synthetic GmbH Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Cetco
  6.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.8.2 Polyester Geogrid Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Cetco Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Hanes Geo Components
  6.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.9.2 Polyester Geogrid Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Hanes Geo Components Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Tenax
  6.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.10.2 Polyester Geogrid Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Tenax Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7 POLYESTER GEOGRID MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Polyester Geogrid Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Polyester Geogrid

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Polyester Geogrid Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Polyester Geogrid Major Manufacturers in 2016
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 CHINA POLYESTER GEOGRID MARKET SIZE (SALES AND REVENUE) FORECAST (2017-2022)

11.1 China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD) Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCE

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Global and China Market Size (Million USD) Comparison (2012-2022)
Table Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) and Revenue (Million USD) Market Split by Product Type
Table Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) by Application (2016-2022)
Figure Product Picture of Polyester Geogrid
Table China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%) Comparison by Types (Product Category) (2012-2022)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Sales Volume Market Share by Types in 2016
Figure Biaxial Tension Product Picture
Figure Uniaxial Tension Product Picture
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
Figure China Sales Market Share (%) of Polyester Geogrid by Application in 2016
Figure Road & Pavement Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Road & Pavement
Figure Railroads Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Railroads
Figure Drainage Systems Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Drainage Systems
Figure Containment & Waste Water Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Containment & Waste Water
Figure Soil Reinforcement & Erosion Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Soil Reinforcement & Erosion
Figure South China Polyester Geogrid Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure East China Polyester Geogrid Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest China Polyester Geogrid Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Northeast China Polyester Geogrid Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure North China Polyester Geogrid Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Central China Polyester Geogrid Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)
Table China Polyester Geogrid Sales of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Table China Polyester Geogrid Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 China Polyester Geogrid Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Figure 2017 China Polyester Geogrid Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Table China Polyester Geogrid Revenue by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Table China Polyester Geogrid Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 China Polyester Geogrid Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Figure 2017 China Polyester Geogrid Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Table China Market Polyester Geogrid Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Figure China Market Polyester Geogrid Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers in 2016
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Market Share of Top 3 Players/Manufacturers
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Market Share of Top 5 Players/Manufacturers
Table China Players/Manufacturers Polyester Geogrid Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table China Players/Manufacturers Polyester Geogrid Product Category
Table China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) by Regions (2012-2017)
Table China Polyester Geogrid Sales Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Sales Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Sales Market Share (%) by Regions in 2016
Table China Polyester Geogrid Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Regions (2012-2017)
Table China Polyester Geogrid Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions in 2016
Table China Polyester Geogrid Price (USD/MT) by Regions (2012-2017)
Table China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) by Type (2012-2017)
Table China Polyester Geogrid Sales Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Sales Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Sales Market Share (%) by Type in 2016
Table China Polyester Geogrid Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table China Polyester Geogrid Revenue Market Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Polyester Geogrid by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Polyester Geogrid by Type in 2016
Table China Polyester Geogrid Price (USD/MT) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Table China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) by Applications (2012-2017)
Table China Polyester Geogrid Sales Market Share (%) by Applications (2012-2017)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Sales Market Share (%) by Application (2012-2017)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Sales Market Share (%) by Application in 2016
Table China Polyester Geogrid Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)
Table Ace Geosynthetics Polyester Geogrid Basic Information List
Table Ace Geosynthetics Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Ace Geosynthetics Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Ace Geosynthetics Polyester Geogrid Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Ace Geosynthetics Polyester Geogrid Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table TenCate NV Polyester Geogrid Basic Information List
Table TenCate NV Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure TenCate NV Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure TenCate NV Polyester Geogrid Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure TenCate NV Polyester Geogrid Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Agru America Inc Polyester Geogrid Basic Information List
Table Agru America Inc Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Agru America Inc Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Agru America Inc Polyester Geogrid Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Agru America Inc Polyester Geogrid Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Asahi-Kasei Geotech Polyester Geogrid Basic Information List
Table Asahi-Kasei Geotech Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Asahi-Kasei Geotech Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Asahi-Kasei Geotech Polyester Geogrid Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Asahi-Kasei Geotech Polyester Geogrid Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Belton Industries Inc Polyester Geogrid Basic Information List
Table Belton Industries Inc Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Belton Industries Inc Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Belton Industries Inc Polyester Geogrid Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Belton Industries Inc Polyester Geogrid Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table GSE Environmental, Inc Polyester Geogrid Basic Information List
Table GSE Environmental, Inc Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure GSE Environmental, Inc Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure GSE Environmental, Inc Polyester Geogrid Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure GSE Environmental, Inc Polyester Geogrid Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Huesker Synthetic GmbH Polyester Geogrid Basic Information List
Table Huesker Synthetic GmbH Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Huesker Synthetic GmbH Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Huesker Synthetic GmbH Polyester Geogrid Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Huesker Synthetic GmbH Polyester Geogrid Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Cetco Polyester Geogrid Basic Information List
Table Cetco Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Cetco Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Cetco Polyester Geogrid Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Cetco Polyester Geogrid Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Hanes Geo Components Polyester Geogrid Basic Information List
Table Hanes Geo Components Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Hanes Geo Components Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Hanes Geo Components Polyester Geogrid Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Hanes Geo Components Polyester Geogrid Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Tenax Polyester Geogrid Basic Information List
Table Tenax Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Tenax Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Tenax Polyester Geogrid Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Tenax Polyester Geogrid Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Polyester Geogrid
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Polyester Geogrid
Figure Polyester Geogrid Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Polyester Geogrid Major Players/Manufacturers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Polyester Geogrid
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Price (USD/MT) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Type in 2022
Table China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application in 2022
Table China Polyester Geogrid Sales (K MT) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)
Table China Polyester Geogrid Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)
Figure China Polyester Geogrid Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources