Analyzing the Market for Cellulosic Ethanol 2017
The constantly upward spiraling demand for energy worldwide has also led to a consequent investment of industrial and scientific effort into sources of fuel which will be able to feed the increasing needs of civilized society and industry.
These latent pangs of future fuel shortage were almost as instantly recognized in the chronological period as the investment of newer energy production sources. The finite nature of resources demands and drives the constant search for cleaner, better combustible and newer fuels. A ground breaking step in this direction is the development of Cellulosic Ethanol.
This report is a complete handbook on this dynamic fuel source and its position in the global energy scenario. The report builds on the global energy industry and the consumption patterns which are fed by the traditional sources like Oil, Coal, Natural Gas, Nuclear Energy and Hydroelectricity. The report also presents a track on the global energy consumption patterns along with the resources being used for them.
Taking into consideration the revenue cycles in the global energy markets, the report explains the revenue derived from these demand patterns from traditional sources as well as hydroelectric and wind energy. The report further also details each source individually.
Taking a contrasting view point the report presents an in depth analysis of the global energy crisis and the growing recognition of unconventional energy sources for arresting this crisis.
At this point the report introduces the emergence of ethanol as a source and the further leap ahead of science in the augmented development of cellulosic ethanol as an energy source. The report details the complete process of cellulosic ethanol production and the crucial role played by residues form agriculture, grass seed, wheat, forestry in the production of this wonder furl. The changing scientific attitude towards the role of municipal waste, sludge to serve as a feedstock for this fuel is also explored in this report.
A complete section devoted to understanding the technologies employed to derive ethanol from these cellulosic feedstock and the efficiency of obtaining ethanol from different feedstocks is included in the report. The utility of ethanol as a fuel in transportation on conjunction with gasoline is displayed in the report.
The geographic commercialization of cellulosic ethanol is analyzed country wise in this report ranging from Canada, China, Spain, UK and the United States.
The report examines the factors supplementing the growth of this industry as well as the challenges & issues facing this industry. The propelling support from the biotech industry in the development of cellulosic ethanol is also elaborated in this report. The report delves deeper into the production patterns and impact of cellulosic ethanol on the farm economy which are now becoming the guiding principles of building subsidy policies for such economic structures.
The report envisages to explain the basic cost integers of ethanol production and the regulatory framework which is now in place to support the development of this wonder fuel for the future. The role of the government in supporting and nurturing including development of funding mechanisms to augment the production of ethanol is also explained in this report.
As a conclusion the report presents an analysis of the leading commercial producers of ethanol and their successes earned so far. The report presents a special section to gauge the performance of this industry through the usage of global case studies and updates to various corporations engaged in this ecological endeavor.
These latent pangs of future fuel shortage were almost as instantly recognized in the chronological period as the investment of newer energy production sources. The finite nature of resources demands and drives the constant search for cleaner, better combustible and newer fuels. A ground breaking step in this direction is the development of Cellulosic Ethanol.
This report is a complete handbook on this dynamic fuel source and its position in the global energy scenario. The report builds on the global energy industry and the consumption patterns which are fed by the traditional sources like Oil, Coal, Natural Gas, Nuclear Energy and Hydroelectricity. The report also presents a track on the global energy consumption patterns along with the resources being used for them.
Taking into consideration the revenue cycles in the global energy markets, the report explains the revenue derived from these demand patterns from traditional sources as well as hydroelectric and wind energy. The report further also details each source individually.
Taking a contrasting view point the report presents an in depth analysis of the global energy crisis and the growing recognition of unconventional energy sources for arresting this crisis.
At this point the report introduces the emergence of ethanol as a source and the further leap ahead of science in the augmented development of cellulosic ethanol as an energy source. The report details the complete process of cellulosic ethanol production and the crucial role played by residues form agriculture, grass seed, wheat, forestry in the production of this wonder furl. The changing scientific attitude towards the role of municipal waste, sludge to serve as a feedstock for this fuel is also explored in this report.
A complete section devoted to understanding the technologies employed to derive ethanol from these cellulosic feedstock and the efficiency of obtaining ethanol from different feedstocks is included in the report. The utility of ethanol as a fuel in transportation on conjunction with gasoline is displayed in the report.
The geographic commercialization of cellulosic ethanol is analyzed country wise in this report ranging from Canada, China, Spain, UK and the United States.
The report examines the factors supplementing the growth of this industry as well as the challenges & issues facing this industry. The propelling support from the biotech industry in the development of cellulosic ethanol is also elaborated in this report. The report delves deeper into the production patterns and impact of cellulosic ethanol on the farm economy which are now becoming the guiding principles of building subsidy policies for such economic structures.
The report envisages to explain the basic cost integers of ethanol production and the regulatory framework which is now in place to support the development of this wonder fuel for the future. The role of the government in supporting and nurturing including development of funding mechanisms to augment the production of ethanol is also explained in this report.
As a conclusion the report presents an analysis of the leading commercial producers of ethanol and their successes earned so far. The report presents a special section to gauge the performance of this industry through the usage of global case studies and updates to various corporations engaged in this ecological endeavor.
A. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
B. ANALYZING THE GLOBAL ENERGY INDUSTRY
B.1 Industry Profile
B.2 Global Oil Market
B.3 Global Natural Gas
B.4 Other Fuels
B.4.1 Coal
B.4.2 Nuclear Power
B.4.3 Hydroelectric Power
B.4.4 Renewables
B.5 Future Perspective
C. EMERGENCE OF ETHANOL AS AN ENERGY SOURCE
D. INTRODUCTION TO CELLULOSIC ETHANOL
D.1 What is Cellulosic Ethanol?
D.2 History of Cellulosic Ethanol
D.3 Evolution of Ethanol
D.4 Production Methods of Cellulosic Ethanol
D.4.1 Cellulolysis
D.4.2 Gasification Process
D.5 Economics of Cellulosic Ethanol
D.6 Environmental Impact of Cellulosic Ethanol
D.7 Comparing Production of Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass and Corn
D.8 Looking at Feedstocks
D.9 Role of Agricultural Residues
D.9.1 Grass Seed Straw Residues
D.9.2 Wheat Straw
D.10 Role of Forestry Residues
D.11 Changing Role of Municipal Solid Wastes
D.12 Role of Sludge as Supplemental Feedstock
E. CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES: PRODUCING ETHANOL FROM CELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCKS
E.1 Introduction
E.2 Acid Hydrolysis
E.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
E.4 Thermochemical Processes
F. ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM DIFFERENT FEEDSTOCKS
G. UTILITY OF ETHANOL IN TRANSPORTATION
G.1 Introduction
G.2 Role of E10: 10% Ethanol & 90% Unleaded Gasoline
G.3 Role of E85: 85% Ethanol & 15% Unleaded Gasoline
G.4 E15 Blend
H. COMMERCIALIZING CELLULOSIC ETHANOL
H.1 Introduction
H.2 Cellulosic Ethanol Production
H.3 Country-wise Cellulosic Ethanol Commercialization
H.3.1 Australia
H.3.2 Brazil
H.3.3 Canada
H.3.4 China
H.3.5 Denmark
H.3.6 Germany
H.3.7 India
H.3.8 Japan
H.3.9 Norway
H.3.10 Russia
H.3.11 Spain
H.3.12 Sweden
H.3.13 United States
I. FACTORS IMPACTING THE INDUSTRY
I.1 Government Grants & Fuel Prices
I.2 Favoring of Ethanol as an Oxygenate
I.3 Assistance of Regulatory Laws
I.4 Issues Related to Distribution & Delivery
I.5 Rising Cost of Transportation
I.6 Cartelized and Highly Condensed Market
J. TECHNOLOGICAL PATTERNS PROMINENT IN THE INDUSTRY
J.1 Introduction
J.2 Biomass Gasification
J.3 Corn Fractionation
J.4 Corn Oil Extraction
J.5 Others
K. ROLE OF INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULOSIC ETHANOL
K.1 Introduction
K.2 Advances in Industrial Biotechnology Aiding Cellulosic Ethanol Developments
K.3 How is Biotechnology Used in Production of Ethanol from Cellulose?
K.4 Role of Industrial Biotechnology in Producing Ethanol
K.5 Biotech Breakthroughs & Potential Developments in the Production of Cellulosic Ethanol
K.5.1 Remarkable Cost Reductions
K.5.2 First Commercial Production of Cellulosic Ethanol
K.6 Policies Aiding Ethanol Meet the Challenge of the Advanced Energy Initiative?
K.6.1 Biorefinery Construction
K.6.2 Research & Development
K.6.3 Infrastructure Construction & Upgrading
K.6.4 Market Creation/Expansion
L. INFLUENCE OF CELLULOSIC ETHANOL ON THE FARM ECONOMY
L.1 Background
L.2 Yield of Cellulosic Crops
L.3 Land Dedicated to Cellulosic Crops
L.4 Dealing with Transition Issues
L.5 Debate: Food versus Fuel Worries
L.6 Issues Dealing with Farm Subsidies
L.6.1 History of Farm Subsidies
L.6.2 Energy Payments or Commodity Subsidies?
L.6.3 Potential for Further Policy Measures
L.7 Influence of Transitioning to Cellulosic Ethanol on Corn Ethanol
L.7.1 Historical Background
L.7.2 Factors Influencing the Industry
L.7.3 Transitioning to Cellulosic Ethanol
L.7.4 Promoting the Benefits to More Farmers
L.8 Issues Related to Energy Balance
L.8.1 Controversies Related to Net Energy
L.8.2 Issues with Analysis of Net Energy
L.8.3 ‘All Btu are Not Created Equal’
L.8.4 Data and Methods, and Lack of Comparisons
L.8.5 Determining an Appropriate Energy Efficiency Standard for Ethanol
L.9 Impact on Rural Economy
L.9.1 Background
L.9.2 One-Time Benefits
L.9.3 Determining the Benefits from Continued Biorefinery Operations
L.10 Overall Impact of Cellulosic Ethanol on the US Economy
M. ETHANOL PRODUCTION AND USE - IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY
M.1 Introduction
M.2 Development of the Ethanol Industry
M.3 Economic Impacts of Ethanol Production
M.3.1 Generalized Benefits of Ethanol Production
M.3.2 Impact on Rural Populations
M.4 Impact of Ethanol on Rural Economies
M.4.1 Introduction
M.4.2 Analyzing the Status in Iowa
M.4.3 Analyzing the Status in Minnesota
M.4.4 Analyzing the Status in Nebraska
M.4.5 Analyzing the Status in Indiana
M.5 Economic Impact of the Renewable Fuels Standard Legislation
N. ANALYZING THE ECONOMICS OF ETHANOL PRODUCTION
N.1 Introduction
N.2 Issues Facing the Industry in terms of Economy
O. ANALYZING THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
O.1 Oxygen Legislation – Bill H.R.6
O.2 Renewable Fuels Standard
O.3 VEETC
O.4 Energy Policy Act of 2005
O.5 Legislation Related to GHG Emissions
O.5.1 RFG
O.5.2 Winter Oxygenated Fuel
P. LEADING INDUSTRY PLAYERS
P.1 Abengoa Bioenergy
P.2 Archer Daniels Midland Co.
P.3 Badger State Ethanol LLC
P.4 Cargill
P.5 Chippewa Valley Ethanol Company LLC
P.6 Codexis, Inc
P.7 DuPont
P.8 Dyadic International, Inc
P.9 Genencor International
P.10 Green Plains Renewable Energy
P.11 Iogen Corporation
P.12 Lignol
P.13 Pacific Ethanol, Inc.
P.14 POET LLC
P.15 Renova Energy
P.16 The Andersons Inc.
P.17 Xethanol BioFuels, LLC
Q. ANALYZING THE INDUSTRY THROUGH CASE STUDIES
Q.1 Cellulosic Ethanol in China
Q.2 Research & Development by NREL
Q.3 Analysis of Brazil’s Ethanol Industry
R. INDUSTRY OUTLOOK
S. APPENDIX
S.1 Figures & Tables
S.1 How to Develop Ethanol Processing Plants
T. GLOSSARY OF TERMS
B. ANALYZING THE GLOBAL ENERGY INDUSTRY
B.1 Industry Profile
B.2 Global Oil Market
B.3 Global Natural Gas
B.4 Other Fuels
B.4.1 Coal
B.4.2 Nuclear Power
B.4.3 Hydroelectric Power
B.4.4 Renewables
B.5 Future Perspective
C. EMERGENCE OF ETHANOL AS AN ENERGY SOURCE
D. INTRODUCTION TO CELLULOSIC ETHANOL
D.1 What is Cellulosic Ethanol?
D.2 History of Cellulosic Ethanol
D.3 Evolution of Ethanol
D.4 Production Methods of Cellulosic Ethanol
D.4.1 Cellulolysis
D.4.2 Gasification Process
D.5 Economics of Cellulosic Ethanol
D.6 Environmental Impact of Cellulosic Ethanol
D.7 Comparing Production of Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass and Corn
D.8 Looking at Feedstocks
D.9 Role of Agricultural Residues
D.9.1 Grass Seed Straw Residues
D.9.2 Wheat Straw
D.10 Role of Forestry Residues
D.11 Changing Role of Municipal Solid Wastes
D.12 Role of Sludge as Supplemental Feedstock
E. CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES: PRODUCING ETHANOL FROM CELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCKS
E.1 Introduction
E.2 Acid Hydrolysis
E.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
E.4 Thermochemical Processes
F. ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM DIFFERENT FEEDSTOCKS
G. UTILITY OF ETHANOL IN TRANSPORTATION
G.1 Introduction
G.2 Role of E10: 10% Ethanol & 90% Unleaded Gasoline
G.3 Role of E85: 85% Ethanol & 15% Unleaded Gasoline
G.4 E15 Blend
H. COMMERCIALIZING CELLULOSIC ETHANOL
H.1 Introduction
H.2 Cellulosic Ethanol Production
H.3 Country-wise Cellulosic Ethanol Commercialization
H.3.1 Australia
H.3.2 Brazil
H.3.3 Canada
H.3.4 China
H.3.5 Denmark
H.3.6 Germany
H.3.7 India
H.3.8 Japan
H.3.9 Norway
H.3.10 Russia
H.3.11 Spain
H.3.12 Sweden
H.3.13 United States
I. FACTORS IMPACTING THE INDUSTRY
I.1 Government Grants & Fuel Prices
I.2 Favoring of Ethanol as an Oxygenate
I.3 Assistance of Regulatory Laws
I.4 Issues Related to Distribution & Delivery
I.5 Rising Cost of Transportation
I.6 Cartelized and Highly Condensed Market
J. TECHNOLOGICAL PATTERNS PROMINENT IN THE INDUSTRY
J.1 Introduction
J.2 Biomass Gasification
J.3 Corn Fractionation
J.4 Corn Oil Extraction
J.5 Others
K. ROLE OF INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULOSIC ETHANOL
K.1 Introduction
K.2 Advances in Industrial Biotechnology Aiding Cellulosic Ethanol Developments
K.3 How is Biotechnology Used in Production of Ethanol from Cellulose?
K.4 Role of Industrial Biotechnology in Producing Ethanol
K.5 Biotech Breakthroughs & Potential Developments in the Production of Cellulosic Ethanol
K.5.1 Remarkable Cost Reductions
K.5.2 First Commercial Production of Cellulosic Ethanol
K.6 Policies Aiding Ethanol Meet the Challenge of the Advanced Energy Initiative?
K.6.1 Biorefinery Construction
K.6.2 Research & Development
K.6.3 Infrastructure Construction & Upgrading
K.6.4 Market Creation/Expansion
L. INFLUENCE OF CELLULOSIC ETHANOL ON THE FARM ECONOMY
L.1 Background
L.2 Yield of Cellulosic Crops
L.3 Land Dedicated to Cellulosic Crops
L.4 Dealing with Transition Issues
L.5 Debate: Food versus Fuel Worries
L.6 Issues Dealing with Farm Subsidies
L.6.1 History of Farm Subsidies
L.6.2 Energy Payments or Commodity Subsidies?
L.6.3 Potential for Further Policy Measures
L.7 Influence of Transitioning to Cellulosic Ethanol on Corn Ethanol
L.7.1 Historical Background
L.7.2 Factors Influencing the Industry
L.7.3 Transitioning to Cellulosic Ethanol
L.7.4 Promoting the Benefits to More Farmers
L.8 Issues Related to Energy Balance
L.8.1 Controversies Related to Net Energy
L.8.2 Issues with Analysis of Net Energy
L.8.3 ‘All Btu are Not Created Equal’
L.8.4 Data and Methods, and Lack of Comparisons
L.8.5 Determining an Appropriate Energy Efficiency Standard for Ethanol
L.9 Impact on Rural Economy
L.9.1 Background
L.9.2 One-Time Benefits
L.9.3 Determining the Benefits from Continued Biorefinery Operations
L.10 Overall Impact of Cellulosic Ethanol on the US Economy
M. ETHANOL PRODUCTION AND USE - IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY
M.1 Introduction
M.2 Development of the Ethanol Industry
M.3 Economic Impacts of Ethanol Production
M.3.1 Generalized Benefits of Ethanol Production
M.3.2 Impact on Rural Populations
M.4 Impact of Ethanol on Rural Economies
M.4.1 Introduction
M.4.2 Analyzing the Status in Iowa
M.4.3 Analyzing the Status in Minnesota
M.4.4 Analyzing the Status in Nebraska
M.4.5 Analyzing the Status in Indiana
M.5 Economic Impact of the Renewable Fuels Standard Legislation
N. ANALYZING THE ECONOMICS OF ETHANOL PRODUCTION
N.1 Introduction
N.2 Issues Facing the Industry in terms of Economy
O. ANALYZING THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
O.1 Oxygen Legislation – Bill H.R.6
O.2 Renewable Fuels Standard
O.3 VEETC
O.4 Energy Policy Act of 2005
O.5 Legislation Related to GHG Emissions
O.5.1 RFG
O.5.2 Winter Oxygenated Fuel
P. LEADING INDUSTRY PLAYERS
P.1 Abengoa Bioenergy
P.2 Archer Daniels Midland Co.
P.3 Badger State Ethanol LLC
P.4 Cargill
P.5 Chippewa Valley Ethanol Company LLC
P.6 Codexis, Inc
P.7 DuPont
P.8 Dyadic International, Inc
P.9 Genencor International
P.10 Green Plains Renewable Energy
P.11 Iogen Corporation
P.12 Lignol
P.13 Pacific Ethanol, Inc.
P.14 POET LLC
P.15 Renova Energy
P.16 The Andersons Inc.
P.17 Xethanol BioFuels, LLC
Q. ANALYZING THE INDUSTRY THROUGH CASE STUDIES
Q.1 Cellulosic Ethanol in China
Q.2 Research & Development by NREL
Q.3 Analysis of Brazil’s Ethanol Industry
R. INDUSTRY OUTLOOK
S. APPENDIX
S.1 Figures & Tables
S.1 How to Develop Ethanol Processing Plants
T. GLOSSARY OF TERMS
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Oil Reserves-to-Production Ratios, 2015
Figure 2: Distribution of Proved Oil Reserves, 1995, 2005, 2015 (in Percentage)
Figure 3: Oil Production by Region, 1990-2015
Figure 4: Oil Consumption by Region, 1990-2015
Figure 5: Natural Gas Reserves-to-Production Ratios, 2015
Figure 6: Distribution of Natural Gas Proved Reserves, 1995, 2005, 2015 (in Percentage)
Figure 7: Production of Natural Gas by Region, 1990-2015
Figure 8: Consumption of Natural Gas by Region, 1990-2015
Figure 9: Control over Production of Remaining Commercial Reserves of Natural Gas
Figure 10: Production of Coal by Region, 1990-2015
Figure 11: Consumption of Coal by Region, 1990-2015
Figure 12: Consumption of Nuclear Energy by Region, 1990-2015
Figure 13: Consumption of Hydroelectric Energy by Region, 1990-2015
Figure 14: Global Energy Consumption Forecast (2003-2030)
Figure 15: Global Energy Consumption Forecast by Fuel Type (1980-2030)
Figure 16: Cellulosic Ethanol's Reduction in GHG Emissions by 70-80% as compared to Gasoline
Figure 17: DuPont Cellulosic Ethanol (Nevada, IA) Plant
Figure 18: Composition of Biomass Materials
Figure 19: U.S. Fuel Ethanol Biorefinery Locations by State at the end of 2016
Figure 20: Ethanol Production in the US by Technology Type (%), 2016
Figure 21: Octane Premium Value of Ethanol over Sub-Octane Gasoline Blendstock
Figure 22: Weekly Spot Market Prices for Benzene, Toluene and Ethanol
Figure 23: Ratings of Blending Octane for Several Gasoline Components
Figure 24: Using Biotechnology to Produce Ethanol from Cellulose
Figure 25: Production Costs of Non-corn Ethanol, 2007-2013
Figure 26: Comparing Corn and Non-corn Costs, 2007-2013
Figure 27: Corn to DDGS Ratio, 2007-2013
Figure 28: Comparison of DDGS and Ethanol Revenues, 2007-2013
Figure 29: Non-Corn Cost and DDGS Revenues, 2007-2013
Figure 30: Ethanol Price and Corn Breakeven Price, 2007-2013
Figure 31: Forecast for Brazil's Ethanol Industry
Figure 32: US Ethanol Imports and Exports (in Million Gallons), 2000-2015
Figure 33: Leading Destinations for US Ethanol Exports, 2015
Figure 34: Animal Feed Production in the US Ethanol Industry (in Thousand Metric Tons), 2000-2015
Figure 35: Dry Mill Ethanol Process
Figure 36: Wet Mill Ethanol Process
Figure 37: Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass
Figure 38: Distillers Grains Feed Production by Type
Figure 39: Gross Value of U.S. Ethanol Industry Output
Figure 40: U.S. Petroleum Net Import Dependence with and without Ethanol
Figure 41: Oil Import Displacement by Ethanol, 2001-2015
Figure 42: Gasoline Imports and Ethanol Production in the US, 2000-2015
Figure 43: Connection between Global Food Prices and Oil Prices, 2000-2015
Figure 44: Major Corn Crops in the US
Figure 45: Ethanol Production and Food Price Inflation in the US, 1980-2015
Figure 46: Retail Stations in the US offering E15, 2012-2015
Figure 47: Retail Stations in the US offering E85 Flex Fuel, 2012-2015
Figure 1: Oil Reserves-to-Production Ratios, 2015
Figure 2: Distribution of Proved Oil Reserves, 1995, 2005, 2015 (in Percentage)
Figure 3: Oil Production by Region, 1990-2015
Figure 4: Oil Consumption by Region, 1990-2015
Figure 5: Natural Gas Reserves-to-Production Ratios, 2015
Figure 6: Distribution of Natural Gas Proved Reserves, 1995, 2005, 2015 (in Percentage)
Figure 7: Production of Natural Gas by Region, 1990-2015
Figure 8: Consumption of Natural Gas by Region, 1990-2015
Figure 9: Control over Production of Remaining Commercial Reserves of Natural Gas
Figure 10: Production of Coal by Region, 1990-2015
Figure 11: Consumption of Coal by Region, 1990-2015
Figure 12: Consumption of Nuclear Energy by Region, 1990-2015
Figure 13: Consumption of Hydroelectric Energy by Region, 1990-2015
Figure 14: Global Energy Consumption Forecast (2003-2030)
Figure 15: Global Energy Consumption Forecast by Fuel Type (1980-2030)
Figure 16: Cellulosic Ethanol's Reduction in GHG Emissions by 70-80% as compared to Gasoline
Figure 17: DuPont Cellulosic Ethanol (Nevada, IA) Plant
Figure 18: Composition of Biomass Materials
Figure 19: U.S. Fuel Ethanol Biorefinery Locations by State at the end of 2016
Figure 20: Ethanol Production in the US by Technology Type (%), 2016
Figure 21: Octane Premium Value of Ethanol over Sub-Octane Gasoline Blendstock
Figure 22: Weekly Spot Market Prices for Benzene, Toluene and Ethanol
Figure 23: Ratings of Blending Octane for Several Gasoline Components
Figure 24: Using Biotechnology to Produce Ethanol from Cellulose
Figure 25: Production Costs of Non-corn Ethanol, 2007-2013
Figure 26: Comparing Corn and Non-corn Costs, 2007-2013
Figure 27: Corn to DDGS Ratio, 2007-2013
Figure 28: Comparison of DDGS and Ethanol Revenues, 2007-2013
Figure 29: Non-Corn Cost and DDGS Revenues, 2007-2013
Figure 30: Ethanol Price and Corn Breakeven Price, 2007-2013
Figure 31: Forecast for Brazil's Ethanol Industry
Figure 32: US Ethanol Imports and Exports (in Million Gallons), 2000-2015
Figure 33: Leading Destinations for US Ethanol Exports, 2015
Figure 34: Animal Feed Production in the US Ethanol Industry (in Thousand Metric Tons), 2000-2015
Figure 35: Dry Mill Ethanol Process
Figure 36: Wet Mill Ethanol Process
Figure 37: Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass
Figure 38: Distillers Grains Feed Production by Type
Figure 39: Gross Value of U.S. Ethanol Industry Output
Figure 40: U.S. Petroleum Net Import Dependence with and without Ethanol
Figure 41: Oil Import Displacement by Ethanol, 2001-2015
Figure 42: Gasoline Imports and Ethanol Production in the US, 2000-2015
Figure 43: Connection between Global Food Prices and Oil Prices, 2000-2015
Figure 44: Major Corn Crops in the US
Figure 45: Ethanol Production and Food Price Inflation in the US, 1980-2015
Figure 46: Retail Stations in the US offering E15, 2012-2015
Figure 47: Retail Stations in the US offering E85 Flex Fuel, 2012-2015
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Ethanol Yield from Glucose
Table 2: Ethanol Yield from Xylose
Table 3: Global Production of Fuel Ethanol (in Millions of Gallons), 2016
Table 4: Ethanol Production Capacity in the US by State (in Million Gallons per Year), as of January 2016
Table 5: Operational/Under Construction Cellulosic Ethanol Plants in Denmark
Table 6: Operational/Under Construction Cellulosic Ethanol Plants in the US
Table 7: Ethanol Production in Brazil (in Millions of Gallons), 2004-2014
Table 8: History of Major US Legislation Supporting Ethanol Fuel
Table 9: Low-cost Ethanol Producer in the World - Untied States, 2010-2015
Table 10: Renewable Fuel Standard Statutory Requirements (in Billion Gallons), 2008-2022
Table 11: Efficiency Factors of Corn Ethanol, 1995 vs. 2015
Table 1: Ethanol Yield from Glucose
Table 2: Ethanol Yield from Xylose
Table 3: Global Production of Fuel Ethanol (in Millions of Gallons), 2016
Table 4: Ethanol Production Capacity in the US by State (in Million Gallons per Year), as of January 2016
Table 5: Operational/Under Construction Cellulosic Ethanol Plants in Denmark
Table 6: Operational/Under Construction Cellulosic Ethanol Plants in the US
Table 7: Ethanol Production in Brazil (in Millions of Gallons), 2004-2014
Table 8: History of Major US Legislation Supporting Ethanol Fuel
Table 9: Low-cost Ethanol Producer in the World - Untied States, 2010-2015
Table 10: Renewable Fuel Standard Statutory Requirements (in Billion Gallons), 2008-2022
Table 11: Efficiency Factors of Corn Ethanol, 1995 vs. 2015
