Global Vegan Omega-3 Supplements Market Size study, by Source (Algae, Flaxseed), by Form (Capsules, Liquid), Functionality, End-use, Distribution Channel, and Regional Forecasts 2022-2032
Global Vegan Omega-3 Supplements Market is valued approximately at USD 1.62 billion in 2023 and is anticipated to grow with a healthy growth rate of more than 9.20% over the forecast period 2024-2032. Amid an era of mindful nutrition and plant-forward innovation, the vegan omega-3 supplements market is redefining how consumers access essential fatty acids. Traditionally derived from fish oil, omega-3s are now increasingly sourced from algae and flaxseed—two plant-based, sustainable, and ethically-aligned alternatives—positioning vegan supplements as champions of both health and ecological responsibility. With growing public awareness surrounding cardiovascular health, brain function, and inflammatory conditions, plant-sourced DHA and EPA are no longer niche preferences—they’re mainstream wellness essentials.
The evolution of this market is tightly interwoven with global lifestyle shifts. As the demand for clean-label, allergen-free, and vegan-certified supplements gains pace, brands are racing to deliver high-purity, bioavailable omega-3 solutions that align with the nutritional goals of flexitarian, vegetarian, and vegan consumers alike. Algal oil, particularly, is garnering considerable momentum for its direct EPA and DHA content, making it a potent, fish-free option for addressing prenatal care, cognitive performance, and heart health. Additionally, the rise in chronic conditions and dietary insufficiencies has driven healthcare professionals and wellness influencers to advocate for preventative nutrition, further pushing vegan omega-3s into the spotlight.
Technological breakthroughs in encapsulation and cold-press extraction have significantly enhanced the flavor profile, shelf-life, and potency of vegan omega-3 formulations. Manufacturers are leveraging nanotechnology and lipid optimization to improve bioavailability and eliminate the “fishy” aftertaste often associated with traditional omega-3s. Meanwhile, supplement formats have diversified—from fast-absorbing liquids to once-a-day softgels—catering to both convenience seekers and therapeutic regimens. Furthermore, retail and e-commerce channels are broadening their vegan supplement portfolios to meet the soaring consumer appetite for holistic, lifestyle-compatible options.
From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the vegan omega-3 market, backed by its progressive consumer base, high supplement penetration, and robust distribution networks across health food chains and digital platforms. Europe trails closely, benefitting from EU regulatory support for sustainable labeling and growing veganism in countries like Germany and the UK. Asia Pacific is emerging as a vibrant frontier, with rising disposable incomes, urban health consciousness, and plant-based product proliferation in India, China, and Australia. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also gaining traction, bolstered by expanding nutraceutical adoption and demand for immune-supporting, ethically produced ingredients.
Major market player included in this report are:
By Source
North America
The evolution of this market is tightly interwoven with global lifestyle shifts. As the demand for clean-label, allergen-free, and vegan-certified supplements gains pace, brands are racing to deliver high-purity, bioavailable omega-3 solutions that align with the nutritional goals of flexitarian, vegetarian, and vegan consumers alike. Algal oil, particularly, is garnering considerable momentum for its direct EPA and DHA content, making it a potent, fish-free option for addressing prenatal care, cognitive performance, and heart health. Additionally, the rise in chronic conditions and dietary insufficiencies has driven healthcare professionals and wellness influencers to advocate for preventative nutrition, further pushing vegan omega-3s into the spotlight.
Technological breakthroughs in encapsulation and cold-press extraction have significantly enhanced the flavor profile, shelf-life, and potency of vegan omega-3 formulations. Manufacturers are leveraging nanotechnology and lipid optimization to improve bioavailability and eliminate the “fishy” aftertaste often associated with traditional omega-3s. Meanwhile, supplement formats have diversified—from fast-absorbing liquids to once-a-day softgels—catering to both convenience seekers and therapeutic regimens. Furthermore, retail and e-commerce channels are broadening their vegan supplement portfolios to meet the soaring consumer appetite for holistic, lifestyle-compatible options.
From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the vegan omega-3 market, backed by its progressive consumer base, high supplement penetration, and robust distribution networks across health food chains and digital platforms. Europe trails closely, benefitting from EU regulatory support for sustainable labeling and growing veganism in countries like Germany and the UK. Asia Pacific is emerging as a vibrant frontier, with rising disposable incomes, urban health consciousness, and plant-based product proliferation in India, China, and Australia. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also gaining traction, bolstered by expanding nutraceutical adoption and demand for immune-supporting, ethically produced ingredients.
Major market player included in this report are:
- Nordic Naturals
- Deva Nutrition LLC
- Opti3 (Vital Vegan)
- Simris Alg AB
- Source Omega LLC
- Ora Organic
- Iwi Life
- Nuzest
- Herbaland Naturals Inc.
- Nature’s Way Products, LLC
- Nutrigold Inc.
- Nested Naturals
- Calgee Inc.
- Blooming Health
- NutraVege (Ascenta Health)
By Source
- Algae
- Flaxseed
- Capsules
- Liquid
- Cardiovascular Health
- Brain, Eye, and Cognitive Health
- Prenatal and Infant Health
- Inflammation and Joint Support
- Others
- Adults
- Children
- Pregnant Women
- Elderly
- Others
- OTC (Over-the-Counter)
- Prescribed
North America
- U.S.
- Canada
- UK
- Germany
- France
- Spain
- Italy
- Rest of Europe
- China
- India
- Japan
- Australia
- South Korea
- Rest of Asia Pacific
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Rest of Latin America
- Saudi Arabia
- South Africa
- Rest of Middle East & Africa
- Historical year – 2022
- Base year – 2023
- Forecast period – 2024 to 2032
- Market Estimates & Forecast for 10 years from 2022 to 2032.
- Annualized revenues and regional level analysis for each market segment.
- Detailed analysis of geographical landscape with Country level analysis of major regions.
- Competitive landscape with information on major players in the market.
- Analysis of key business strategies and recommendations on future market approach.
- Analysis of competitive structure of the market.
- Demand side and supply side analysis of the market.
CHAPTER 1. GLOBAL VEGAN OMEGA 3 SUPPLEMENTS MARKET EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Size & Forecast (2022 2032)
1.2. Regional Summary
1.3. Segmental Summary
1.3.1. By Source (Algae, Flaxseed)
1.3.2. By Form (Capsules, Liquid)
1.3.3. By Functionality (Cardiovascular Health; Brain, Eye, and Cognitive Health; Prenatal and Infant Health; Inflammation and Joint Support; Others)
1.3.4. By End use (Adults; Children; Pregnant Women; Elderly; Others)
1.3.5. By Distribution Channel (OTC, Prescribed)
1.4. Key Trends
1.5. Recession Impact
1.6. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion
CHAPTER 2. GLOBAL VEGAN OMEGA 3 SUPPLEMENTS MARKET DEFINITION AND RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
2.1. Research Objective
2.2. Market Definition
2.3. Research Assumptions
2.3.1. Inclusion & Exclusion
2.3.2. Limitations
2.3.3. Supply Side Analysis
2.3.3.1. Availability
2.3.3.2. Infrastructure
2.3.3.3. Regulatory Environment
2.3.3.4. Market Competition
2.3.3.5. Economic Viability (Consumer’s Perspective)
2.3.4. Demand Side Analysis
2.3.4.1. Regulatory Frameworks
2.3.4.2. Technological Advancements
2.3.4.3. Environmental Considerations
2.3.4.4. Consumer Awareness & Acceptance
2.4. Estimation Methodology
2.5. Years Considered for the Study
2.6. Currency Conversion Rates
CHAPTER 3. GLOBAL VEGAN OMEGA 3 SUPPLEMENTS MARKET DYNAMICS
3.1. Market Drivers
3.1.1. Growing Consumer Shift to Plant Based Nutrition
3.1.2. Rising Awareness on Health Benefits (Cardiovascular, Cognitive, Inflammatory)
3.1.3. Innovation in Extraction and Encapsulation Technologies
3.2. Market Challenges
3.2.1. Regulatory and Certification Hurdles
3.2.2. High Production and Raw Material Costs
3.2.3. Limited Consumer Awareness in Emerging Markets
3.3. Market Opportunities
3.3.1. Expansion into Emerging Economies
3.3.2. Technological Advancements to Enhance Bioavailability
3.3.3. Increasing Investment in R&D and Product Innovation
CHAPTER 4. GLOBAL VEGAN OMEGA 3 SUPPLEMENTS MARKET INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
4.1. Porter’s 5 Force Model
4.1.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
4.1.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
4.1.3. Threat of New Entrants
4.1.4. Threat of Substitutes
4.1.5. Competitive Rivalry
4.1.6. Futuristic Approach to Porter’s 5 Force Model
4.1.7. Porter’s 5 Force Impact Analysis
4.2. PESTEL Analysis
4.2.1. Political
4.2.2. Economical
4.2.3. Social
4.2.4. Technological
4.2.5. Environmental
4.2.6. Legal
4.3. Top Investment Opportunity
4.4. Top Winning Strategies
4.5. Disruptive Trends
4.6. Industry Expert Perspective
4.7. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion
CHAPTER 5. GLOBAL VEGAN OMEGA 3 SUPPLEMENTS MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY SOURCE 2022 2032
5.1. Segment Dashboard
5.2. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market: Source Revenue Trend Analysis, 2022 & 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
5.2.1. Algae
5.2.2. Flaxseed
CHAPTER 6. GLOBAL VEGAN OMEGA 3 SUPPLEMENTS MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY FORM 2022 2032
6.1. Segment Dashboard
6.2. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market: Form Revenue Trend Analysis, 2022 & 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
6.2.1. Capsules
6.2.2. Liquid
CHAPTER 7. GLOBAL VEGAN OMEGA 3 SUPPLEMENTS MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY END USE 2022 2032
7.1. Segment Dashboard
7.2. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market: End use Revenue Trend Analysis, 2022 & 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
7.2.1. Adults
7.2.2. Children
7.2.3. Pregnant Women
7.2.4. Elderly
7.2.5. Others
CHAPTER 8. GLOBAL VEGAN OMEGA 3 SUPPLEMENTS MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY REGION 2022 2032
8.1. North America
8.1.1. U.S.
8.1.2. Canada
8.2. Europe
8.2.1. UK
8.2.2. Germany
8.2.3. France
8.2.4. Spain
8.2.5. Italy
8.2.6. Rest of Europe
8.3. Asia Pacific
8.3.1. China
8.3.2. India
8.3.3. Japan
8.3.4. Australia
8.3.5. South Korea
8.3.6. Rest of Asia Pacific
8.4. Latin America
8.4.1. Brazil
8.4.2. Mexico
8.4.3. Rest of Latin America
8.5. Middle East & Africa
8.5.1. Saudi Arabia
8.5.2. South Africa
8.5.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa
CHAPTER 9. COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE
9.1. Key Company SWOT Analysis
9.1.1. Nordic Naturals
9.1.2. Deva Nutrition LLC
9.1.3. Ora Organic
9.2. Top Market Strategies
9.3. Company Profiles
9.3.1. Nordic Naturals
9.3.1.1. Key Information
9.3.1.2. Overview
9.3.1.3. Financial (Subject to Data Availability)
9.3.1.4. Product Summary
9.3.1.5. Market Strategies
9.3.2. Deva Nutrition LLC
9.3.3. Opti3 (Vital Vegan)
9.3.4. Simris Alg AB
9.3.5. Source Omega LLC
9.3.6. Iwi Life
9.3.7. Nuzest
9.3.8. Herbaland Naturals Inc.
9.3.9. Nature’s Way Products, LLC
9.3.10. Nutrigold Inc.
9.3.11. Nested Naturals
9.3.12. Calgee Inc.
9.3.13. Blooming Health
9.3.14. NutraVege (Ascenta Health)
CHAPTER 10. RESEARCH PROCESS
10.1. Research Process
10.1.1. Data Mining
10.1.2. Analysis
10.1.3. Market Estimation
10.1.4. Validation
10.1.5. Publishing
10.2. Research Attributes
1.1. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Size & Forecast (2022 2032)
1.2. Regional Summary
1.3. Segmental Summary
1.3.1. By Source (Algae, Flaxseed)
1.3.2. By Form (Capsules, Liquid)
1.3.3. By Functionality (Cardiovascular Health; Brain, Eye, and Cognitive Health; Prenatal and Infant Health; Inflammation and Joint Support; Others)
1.3.4. By End use (Adults; Children; Pregnant Women; Elderly; Others)
1.3.5. By Distribution Channel (OTC, Prescribed)
1.4. Key Trends
1.5. Recession Impact
1.6. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion
CHAPTER 2. GLOBAL VEGAN OMEGA 3 SUPPLEMENTS MARKET DEFINITION AND RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
2.1. Research Objective
2.2. Market Definition
2.3. Research Assumptions
2.3.1. Inclusion & Exclusion
2.3.2. Limitations
2.3.3. Supply Side Analysis
2.3.3.1. Availability
2.3.3.2. Infrastructure
2.3.3.3. Regulatory Environment
2.3.3.4. Market Competition
2.3.3.5. Economic Viability (Consumer’s Perspective)
2.3.4. Demand Side Analysis
2.3.4.1. Regulatory Frameworks
2.3.4.2. Technological Advancements
2.3.4.3. Environmental Considerations
2.3.4.4. Consumer Awareness & Acceptance
2.4. Estimation Methodology
2.5. Years Considered for the Study
2.6. Currency Conversion Rates
CHAPTER 3. GLOBAL VEGAN OMEGA 3 SUPPLEMENTS MARKET DYNAMICS
3.1. Market Drivers
3.1.1. Growing Consumer Shift to Plant Based Nutrition
3.1.2. Rising Awareness on Health Benefits (Cardiovascular, Cognitive, Inflammatory)
3.1.3. Innovation in Extraction and Encapsulation Technologies
3.2. Market Challenges
3.2.1. Regulatory and Certification Hurdles
3.2.2. High Production and Raw Material Costs
3.2.3. Limited Consumer Awareness in Emerging Markets
3.3. Market Opportunities
3.3.1. Expansion into Emerging Economies
3.3.2. Technological Advancements to Enhance Bioavailability
3.3.3. Increasing Investment in R&D and Product Innovation
CHAPTER 4. GLOBAL VEGAN OMEGA 3 SUPPLEMENTS MARKET INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
4.1. Porter’s 5 Force Model
4.1.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
4.1.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
4.1.3. Threat of New Entrants
4.1.4. Threat of Substitutes
4.1.5. Competitive Rivalry
4.1.6. Futuristic Approach to Porter’s 5 Force Model
4.1.7. Porter’s 5 Force Impact Analysis
4.2. PESTEL Analysis
4.2.1. Political
4.2.2. Economical
4.2.3. Social
4.2.4. Technological
4.2.5. Environmental
4.2.6. Legal
4.3. Top Investment Opportunity
4.4. Top Winning Strategies
4.5. Disruptive Trends
4.6. Industry Expert Perspective
4.7. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion
CHAPTER 5. GLOBAL VEGAN OMEGA 3 SUPPLEMENTS MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY SOURCE 2022 2032
5.1. Segment Dashboard
5.2. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market: Source Revenue Trend Analysis, 2022 & 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
5.2.1. Algae
5.2.2. Flaxseed
CHAPTER 6. GLOBAL VEGAN OMEGA 3 SUPPLEMENTS MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY FORM 2022 2032
6.1. Segment Dashboard
6.2. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market: Form Revenue Trend Analysis, 2022 & 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
6.2.1. Capsules
6.2.2. Liquid
CHAPTER 7. GLOBAL VEGAN OMEGA 3 SUPPLEMENTS MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY END USE 2022 2032
7.1. Segment Dashboard
7.2. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market: End use Revenue Trend Analysis, 2022 & 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
7.2.1. Adults
7.2.2. Children
7.2.3. Pregnant Women
7.2.4. Elderly
7.2.5. Others
CHAPTER 8. GLOBAL VEGAN OMEGA 3 SUPPLEMENTS MARKET SIZE & FORECASTS BY REGION 2022 2032
8.1. North America
8.1.1. U.S.
8.1.2. Canada
8.2. Europe
8.2.1. UK
8.2.2. Germany
8.2.3. France
8.2.4. Spain
8.2.5. Italy
8.2.6. Rest of Europe
8.3. Asia Pacific
8.3.1. China
8.3.2. India
8.3.3. Japan
8.3.4. Australia
8.3.5. South Korea
8.3.6. Rest of Asia Pacific
8.4. Latin America
8.4.1. Brazil
8.4.2. Mexico
8.4.3. Rest of Latin America
8.5. Middle East & Africa
8.5.1. Saudi Arabia
8.5.2. South Africa
8.5.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa
CHAPTER 9. COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE
9.1. Key Company SWOT Analysis
9.1.1. Nordic Naturals
9.1.2. Deva Nutrition LLC
9.1.3. Ora Organic
9.2. Top Market Strategies
9.3. Company Profiles
9.3.1. Nordic Naturals
9.3.1.1. Key Information
9.3.1.2. Overview
9.3.1.3. Financial (Subject to Data Availability)
9.3.1.4. Product Summary
9.3.1.5. Market Strategies
9.3.2. Deva Nutrition LLC
9.3.3. Opti3 (Vital Vegan)
9.3.4. Simris Alg AB
9.3.5. Source Omega LLC
9.3.6. Iwi Life
9.3.7. Nuzest
9.3.8. Herbaland Naturals Inc.
9.3.9. Nature’s Way Products, LLC
9.3.10. Nutrigold Inc.
9.3.11. Nested Naturals
9.3.12. Calgee Inc.
9.3.13. Blooming Health
9.3.14. NutraVege (Ascenta Health)
CHAPTER 10. RESEARCH PROCESS
10.1. Research Process
10.1.1. Data Mining
10.1.2. Analysis
10.1.3. Market Estimation
10.1.4. Validation
10.1.5. Publishing
10.2. Research Attributes
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market, Report Scope
TABLE 2. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Estimates & Forecasts by Region 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 3. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Estimates & Forecasts by Source 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 4. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Estimates & Forecasts by Form 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 5. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Segment, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 6. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Region, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 7. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Segment, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 8. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Region, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 9. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Segment, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 10. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Region, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 11. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Segment, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 12. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Region, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 13. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Segment, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 14. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Region, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 15. U.S. Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 16. U.S. Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Estimates & Forecasts by Segment 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 17. U.S. Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Estimates & Forecasts by Segment 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 18. Canada Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 19. Canada Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Estimates & Forecasts by Segment 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 20. Canada Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Estimates & Forecasts by Segment 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
…..
This list is not complete, final report does contain more than 100 tables. The list may be updated in the final deliverable.
TABLE 1. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market, Report Scope
TABLE 2. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Estimates & Forecasts by Region 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 3. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Estimates & Forecasts by Source 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 4. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Estimates & Forecasts by Form 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 5. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Segment, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 6. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Region, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 7. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Segment, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 8. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Region, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 9. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Segment, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 10. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Region, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 11. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Segment, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 12. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Region, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 13. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Segment, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 14. Global Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market by Region, Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 15. U.S. Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 16. U.S. Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Estimates & Forecasts by Segment 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 17. U.S. Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Estimates & Forecasts by Segment 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 18. Canada Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 19. Canada Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Estimates & Forecasts by Segment 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
TABLE 20. Canada Vegan Omega 3 Supplements Market Estimates & Forecasts by Segment 2022 2032 (USD Million/Billion)
…..
This list is not complete, final report does contain more than 100 tables. The list may be updated in the final deliverable.
