United States Individual Protection Equipments Market Report 2017

December 2017 | 113 pages | ID: U263106E732EN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Individual Protection Equipments market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Individual Protection Equipments in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast).

United States Individual Protection Equipments market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Individual Protection Equipments sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• Honeywell International Inc.
• Dupont
• 3M
• Kimberly-Clark Corporation
• Ansell Limited
• MSA Safety Inc.
• Lakeland Industries, Inc.
• Alpha Pro Tech, Ltd.
• Sioen Industries NV
• Protective Industrial Products, Inc
• Pan Taiwan Enterprise Co., Ltd.
• Polison Corporation
• National Safety Apparel

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Hands & Arm Protection
• Protective Clothing
• Foot & Leg Protection
• Respiratory Protection
• Eye & Face Protection
• Head Protection
• Others

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate for each application, including

• Manufacturing
• Construction
• Oil & Gas
• Healthcare
• Transportation
• Others

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States Individual Protection Equipments Market Report 2017

1 INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Individual Protection Equipments
1.2 Classification of Individual Protection Equipments by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Individual Protection Equipments Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)
  1.2.2 United States Individual Protection Equipments Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
  1.2.3 Hands & Arm Protection
  1.2.4 Protective Clothing
  1.2.5 Foot & Leg Protection
  1.2.6 Respiratory Protection
  1.2.7 Eye & Face Protection
  1.2.8 Head Protection
  1.2.9 Others
1.3 United States Individual Protection Equipments Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Individual Protection Equipments Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 Manufacturing
  1.3.3 Construction
  1.3.4 Oil & Gas
  1.3.5 Healthcare
  1.3.6 Transportation
  1.3.7 Others
1.4 United States Individual Protection Equipments Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Individual Protection Equipments Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 The West Individual Protection Equipments Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 Southwest Individual Protection Equipments Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Individual Protection Equipments Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 New England Individual Protection Equipments Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 The South Individual Protection Equipments Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Individual Protection Equipments Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Individual Protection Equipments (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
  1.5.2 United States Individual Protection Equipments Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 UNITED STATES INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.2 United States Individual Protection Equipments Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.3 United States Individual Protection Equipments Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.4 United States Individual Protection Equipments Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Individual Protection Equipments Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Individual Protection Equipments Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Individual Protection Equipments Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2012-2017)

3.1 United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 United States Individual Protection Equipments Revenue and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 United States Individual Protection Equipments Price by Region (2012-2017)

4 UNITED STATES INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2012-2017)

4.1 United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)
4.2 United States Individual Protection Equipments Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 United States Individual Protection Equipments Price by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

5 UNITED STATES INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2012-2017)

5.1 United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
5.2 United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 Honeywell International Inc.
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Individual Protection Equipments Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 Honeywell International Inc. Individual Protection Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Dupont
  6.2.2 Individual Protection Equipments Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Dupont Individual Protection Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 3M
  6.3.2 Individual Protection Equipments Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 3M Individual Protection Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Kimberly-Clark Corporation
  6.4.2 Individual Protection Equipments Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Kimberly-Clark Corporation Individual Protection Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Ansell Limited
  6.5.2 Individual Protection Equipments Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Ansell Limited Individual Protection Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 MSA Safety Inc.
  6.6.2 Individual Protection Equipments Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 MSA Safety Inc. Individual Protection Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Lakeland Industries, Inc.
  6.7.2 Individual Protection Equipments Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Lakeland Industries, Inc. Individual Protection Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Alpha Pro Tech, Ltd.
  6.8.2 Individual Protection Equipments Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Alpha Pro Tech, Ltd. Individual Protection Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Sioen Industries NV
  6.9.2 Individual Protection Equipments Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Sioen Industries NV Individual Protection Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Protective Industrial Products, Inc
  6.10.2 Individual Protection Equipments Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Protective Industrial Products, Inc Individual Protection Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Pan Taiwan Enterprise Co., Ltd.
6.12 Polison Corporation
6.13 National Safety Apparel

7 INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Individual Protection Equipments Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Individual Protection Equipments

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Individual Protection Equipments Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Individual Protection Equipments Major Manufacturers in 2016
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2017-2022)

11.1 United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Individual Protection Equipments
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Market Size (K Units) by Type (2012-2022)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
Figure Hands & Arm Protection Product Picture
Figure Protective Clothing Product Picture
Figure Foot & Leg Protection Product Picture
Figure Respiratory Protection Product Picture
Figure Eye & Face Protection Product Picture
Figure Head Protection Product Picture
Figure Others Product Picture
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Market Size (K Units) by Application (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Individual Protection Equipments by Application in 2016
Figure Manufacturing Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Manufacturing
Figure Construction Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Construction
Figure Oil & Gas Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Oil & Gas
Figure Healthcare Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Healthcare
Figure Transportation Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Transportation
Figure Others Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Others
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2012-2022)
Figure The West Individual Protection Equipments Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest Individual Protection Equipments Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Individual Protection Equipments Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure New England Individual Protection Equipments Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The South of US Individual Protection Equipments Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Midwest Individual Protection Equipments Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Units) (2012-2017)
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales (K Units) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Individual Protection Equipments Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Individual Protection Equipments Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Individual Protection Equipments Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure United States Market Individual Protection Equipments Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2016
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Individual Protection Equipments Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Individual Protection Equipments Product Category
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales (K Units) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Revenue Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Revenue Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales (K Units) by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Market Share by Type in 2016
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Individual Protection Equipments by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Individual Protection Equipments by Type in 2016
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales (K Units) by Application (2012-2017)
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Market Share by Application in 2016
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Table Honeywell International Inc. Basic Information List
Table Honeywell International Inc. Individual Protection Equipments Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Honeywell International Inc. Individual Protection Equipments Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Honeywell International Inc. Individual Protection Equipments Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Honeywell International Inc. Individual Protection Equipments Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Dupont Basic Information List
Table Dupont Individual Protection Equipments Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Dupont Individual Protection Equipments Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Dupont Individual Protection Equipments Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Dupont Individual Protection Equipments Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table 3M Basic Information List
Table 3M Individual Protection Equipments Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure 3M Individual Protection Equipments Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure 3M Individual Protection Equipments Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure 3M Individual Protection Equipments Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Kimberly-Clark Corporation Basic Information List
Table Kimberly-Clark Corporation Individual Protection Equipments Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Kimberly-Clark Corporation Individual Protection Equipments Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Kimberly-Clark Corporation Individual Protection Equipments Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Kimberly-Clark Corporation Individual Protection Equipments Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Ansell Limited Basic Information List
Table Ansell Limited Individual Protection Equipments Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Ansell Limited Individual Protection Equipments Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Ansell Limited Individual Protection Equipments Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Ansell Limited Individual Protection Equipments Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table MSA Safety Inc. Basic Information List
Table MSA Safety Inc. Individual Protection Equipments Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure MSA Safety Inc. Individual Protection Equipments Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure MSA Safety Inc. Individual Protection Equipments Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure MSA Safety Inc. Individual Protection Equipments Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Lakeland Industries, Inc. Basic Information List
Table Lakeland Industries, Inc. Individual Protection Equipments Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Lakeland Industries, Inc. Individual Protection Equipments Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Lakeland Industries, Inc. Individual Protection Equipments Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Lakeland Industries, Inc. Individual Protection Equipments Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Alpha Pro Tech, Ltd. Basic Information List
Table Alpha Pro Tech, Ltd. Individual Protection Equipments Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Alpha Pro Tech, Ltd. Individual Protection Equipments Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Alpha Pro Tech, Ltd. Individual Protection Equipments Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Alpha Pro Tech, Ltd. Individual Protection Equipments Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Sioen Industries NV Basic Information List
Table Sioen Industries NV Individual Protection Equipments Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Sioen Industries NV Individual Protection Equipments Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Sioen Industries NV Individual Protection Equipments Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Sioen Industries NV Individual Protection Equipments Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Protective Industrial Products, Inc Basic Information List
Table Protective Industrial Products, Inc Individual Protection Equipments Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Protective Industrial Products, Inc Individual Protection Equipments Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Protective Industrial Products, Inc Individual Protection Equipments Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Protective Industrial Products, Inc Individual Protection Equipments Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Pan Taiwan Enterprise Co., Ltd. Basic Information List
Table Polison Corporation Basic Information List
Table National Safety Apparel Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Individual Protection Equipments
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Individual Protection Equipments
Figure Individual Protection Equipments Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Individual Protection Equipments Major Players/Suppliers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Individual Protection Equipments
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type in 2022
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application in 2022
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Table United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Individual Protection Equipments Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources