United States Ceiling Spotlights Market Report 2017

December 2017 | 115 pages | ID: UD899AD56FAEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Ceiling Spotlights market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Ceiling Spotlights in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast).

United States Ceiling Spotlights market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Ceiling Spotlights sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• Amerlux Lighting Solutions
• DGA
• Lucifer Lighting
• Prolicht GmbH
• Spittler Lichttechnik
• Brumberg Leuchten
• ACDC Lighting Systems
• Ansorg
• TAL
• Targetti Sankey
• Doxis Lighting Factory N.V.
• Atelier Sedap
• Lival
• Onok Luz Tecnica
• Reggiani Illuminazione
• Wever & Ducre
• Trato Industries S.A.S.
• MARTINI Illuminazione
• BPM Lighting
• Delta Light
• Dimar
• Orlight
• Halla
• Azimut Industries

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• LED
• Halogen
• HID
• Fluorescent
• Metal Halide
• Other

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate for each application, including

• Residential Buildings
• Commercial Building
• Hospitality Application
• Other

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States Ceiling Spotlights Market Report 2017

1 CEILING SPOTLIGHTS OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Ceiling Spotlights
1.2 Classification of Ceiling Spotlights by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Ceiling Spotlights Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)
  1.2.2 United States Ceiling Spotlights Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
  1.2.3 LED
  1.2.4 Halogen
  1.2.5 HID
  1.2.6 Fluorescent
  1.2.7 Metal Halide
  1.2.8 Other
1.3 United States Ceiling Spotlights Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Ceiling Spotlights Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 Residential Buildings
  1.3.3 Commercial Building
  1.3.4 Hospitality Application
  1.3.5 Other
1.4 United States Ceiling Spotlights Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Ceiling Spotlights Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 The West Ceiling Spotlights Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 Southwest Ceiling Spotlights Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Ceiling Spotlights Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 New England Ceiling Spotlights Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 The South Ceiling Spotlights Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Ceiling Spotlights Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Ceiling Spotlights (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
  1.5.2 United States Ceiling Spotlights Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 UNITED STATES CEILING SPOTLIGHTS MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.2 United States Ceiling Spotlights Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.3 United States Ceiling Spotlights Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.4 United States Ceiling Spotlights Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Ceiling Spotlights Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Ceiling Spotlights Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Ceiling Spotlights Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES CEILING SPOTLIGHTS SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2012-2017)

3.1 United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 United States Ceiling Spotlights Revenue and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 United States Ceiling Spotlights Price by Region (2012-2017)

4 UNITED STATES CEILING SPOTLIGHTS SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2012-2017)

4.1 United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)
4.2 United States Ceiling Spotlights Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 United States Ceiling Spotlights Price by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

5 UNITED STATES CEILING SPOTLIGHTS SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2012-2017)

5.1 United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
5.2 United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES CEILING SPOTLIGHTS PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 Amerlux Lighting Solutions
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Ceiling Spotlights Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 Amerlux Lighting Solutions Ceiling Spotlights Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 DGA
  6.2.2 Ceiling Spotlights Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 DGA Ceiling Spotlights Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Lucifer Lighting
  6.3.2 Ceiling Spotlights Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Lucifer Lighting Ceiling Spotlights Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Prolicht GmbH
  6.4.2 Ceiling Spotlights Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Prolicht GmbH Ceiling Spotlights Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Spittler Lichttechnik
  6.5.2 Ceiling Spotlights Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Spittler Lichttechnik Ceiling Spotlights Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Brumberg Leuchten
  6.6.2 Ceiling Spotlights Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 Brumberg Leuchten Ceiling Spotlights Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 ACDC Lighting Systems
  6.7.2 Ceiling Spotlights Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 ACDC Lighting Systems Ceiling Spotlights Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Ansorg
  6.8.2 Ceiling Spotlights Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Ansorg Ceiling Spotlights Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 TAL
  6.9.2 Ceiling Spotlights Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 TAL Ceiling Spotlights Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Targetti Sankey
  6.10.2 Ceiling Spotlights Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Targetti Sankey Ceiling Spotlights Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Doxis Lighting Factory N.V.
6.12 Atelier Sedap
6.13 Lival
6.14 Onok Luz Tecnica
6.15 Reggiani Illuminazione
6.16 Wever & Ducre
6.17 Trato Industries S.A.S.
6.18 MARTINI Illuminazione
6.19 BPM Lighting
6.20 Delta Light
6.21 Dimar
6.22 Orlight
6.23 Halla
6.24 Azimut Industries

7 CEILING SPOTLIGHTS MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Ceiling Spotlights Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Ceiling Spotlights

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Ceiling Spotlights Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Ceiling Spotlights Major Manufacturers in 2016
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES CEILING SPOTLIGHTS MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2017-2022)

11.1 United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Ceiling Spotlights
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Market Size (Units) by Type (2012-2022)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
Figure LED Product Picture
Figure Halogen Product Picture
Figure HID Product Picture
Figure Fluorescent Product Picture
Figure Metal Halide Product Picture
Figure Other Product Picture
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Market Size (Units) by Application (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Ceiling Spotlights by Application in 2016
Figure Residential Buildings Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Residential Buildings
Figure Commercial Building Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Commercial Building
Figure Hospitality Application Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Hospitality Application
Figure Other Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Other
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2012-2022)
Figure The West Ceiling Spotlights Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest Ceiling Spotlights Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Ceiling Spotlights Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure New England Ceiling Spotlights Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The South of US Ceiling Spotlights Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Midwest Ceiling Spotlights Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales (Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (Units) (2012-2017)
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales (Units) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Ceiling Spotlights Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Ceiling Spotlights Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Ceiling Spotlights Average Price (K USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure United States Market Ceiling Spotlights Average Price (K USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2016
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Ceiling Spotlights Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Ceiling Spotlights Product Category
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales (Units) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Revenue Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Revenue Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Price (K USD/Unit) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales (Units) by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Market Share by Type in 2016
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Ceiling Spotlights by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Ceiling Spotlights by Type in 2016
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Price (K USD/Unit) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales (Units) by Application (2012-2017)
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Market Share by Application in 2016
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Table Amerlux Lighting Solutions Basic Information List
Table Amerlux Lighting Solutions Ceiling Spotlights Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Amerlux Lighting Solutions Ceiling Spotlights Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Amerlux Lighting Solutions Ceiling Spotlights Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Amerlux Lighting Solutions Ceiling Spotlights Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table DGA Basic Information List
Table DGA Ceiling Spotlights Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure DGA Ceiling Spotlights Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure DGA Ceiling Spotlights Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure DGA Ceiling Spotlights Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Lucifer Lighting Basic Information List
Table Lucifer Lighting Ceiling Spotlights Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Lucifer Lighting Ceiling Spotlights Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Lucifer Lighting Ceiling Spotlights Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Lucifer Lighting Ceiling Spotlights Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Prolicht GmbH Basic Information List
Table Prolicht GmbH Ceiling Spotlights Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Prolicht GmbH Ceiling Spotlights Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Prolicht GmbH Ceiling Spotlights Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Prolicht GmbH Ceiling Spotlights Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Spittler Lichttechnik Basic Information List
Table Spittler Lichttechnik Ceiling Spotlights Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Spittler Lichttechnik Ceiling Spotlights Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Spittler Lichttechnik Ceiling Spotlights Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Spittler Lichttechnik Ceiling Spotlights Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Brumberg Leuchten Basic Information List
Table Brumberg Leuchten Ceiling Spotlights Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Brumberg Leuchten Ceiling Spotlights Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Brumberg Leuchten Ceiling Spotlights Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Brumberg Leuchten Ceiling Spotlights Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table ACDC Lighting Systems Basic Information List
Table ACDC Lighting Systems Ceiling Spotlights Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure ACDC Lighting Systems Ceiling Spotlights Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure ACDC Lighting Systems Ceiling Spotlights Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure ACDC Lighting Systems Ceiling Spotlights Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Ansorg Basic Information List
Table Ansorg Ceiling Spotlights Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Ansorg Ceiling Spotlights Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Ansorg Ceiling Spotlights Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Ansorg Ceiling Spotlights Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table TAL Basic Information List
Table TAL Ceiling Spotlights Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure TAL Ceiling Spotlights Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure TAL Ceiling Spotlights Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure TAL Ceiling Spotlights Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Targetti Sankey Basic Information List
Table Targetti Sankey Ceiling Spotlights Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Targetti Sankey Ceiling Spotlights Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Targetti Sankey Ceiling Spotlights Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Targetti Sankey Ceiling Spotlights Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Doxis Lighting Factory N.V. Basic Information List
Table Atelier Sedap Basic Information List
Table Lival Basic Information List
Table Onok Luz Tecnica Basic Information List
Table Reggiani Illuminazione Basic Information List
Table Wever & Ducre Basic Information List
Table Trato Industries S.A.S. Basic Information List
Table MARTINI Illuminazione Basic Information List
Table BPM Lighting Basic Information List
Table Delta Light Basic Information List
Table Dimar Basic Information List
Table Orlight Basic Information List
Table Halla Basic Information List
Table Azimut Industries Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Ceiling Spotlights
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Ceiling Spotlights
Figure Ceiling Spotlights Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Ceiling Spotlights Major Players/Suppliers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Ceiling Spotlights
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Volume (Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Price (K USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Volume (Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Volume (Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Volume (Units) Forecast by Type in 2022
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Volume (Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Volume (Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Volume (Units) Forecast by Application in 2022
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Volume (Units) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Table United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Ceiling Spotlights Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources