Global Rower Market Growth (Status and Outlook) 2020-2025

October 2020 | 135 pages | ID: GA50629DC52AEN
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Abstracts

The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 48 hours after order is placed.

According to this study, over the next five years the Rower market will register a 4.8%% CAGR in terms of revenue, the global market size will reach $ 257 million by 2025, from $ 212.7 million in 2019. In particular, this report presents the global revenue market share of key companies in Rower business, shared in Chapter 3.

This report presents a comprehensive overview, market shares, and growth opportunities of Rower market by product type, application, key manufacturers and key regions and countries.

This study specially analyses the impact of Covid-19 outbreak on the Rower, covering the supply chain analysis, impact assessment to the Rower market size growth rate in several scenarios, and the measures to be undertaken by Rower companies in response to the COVID-19 epidemic.

Segmentation by type: breakdown data from 2015 to 2020 in Section 2.3; and forecast to 2025 in section 10.7.

• Air Rower
• Magnetic Rower
• Hydraulic Rower
• Water Rower

Segmentation by application: breakdown data from 2015 to 2020, in Section 2.4; and forecast to 2025 in section 10.8.

• Home
• Commercial

This report also splits the market by region: Breakdown data in Chapter 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.

• Americas
• United States
• Canada
• Mexico
• Brazil
• APAC
• China
• Japan
• Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Australia
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• UK
• Italy
• Russia
• Middle East & Africa
• Egypt
• South Africa
• Israel
• Turkey
• GCC Countries

The report also presents the market competition landscape and a corresponding detailed analysis of the major vendor/manufacturers in the market. The key manufacturers covered in this report: Breakdown data in in Chapter 3.

• Concept2
• ProForm
• WaterRower Machine
• LifeCORE Fitness
• HealthCare International
• FIRST DEGREE FITNESS
• Stamina Products
• Bodycraft
• Sunny Health & Fitness
• KETTLER
• Soozier
• NordicTrack
• LifeSpan
• SOLE Treadmills
• DKN Technology
• Johnson Health Tech
• Velocity Exercise

In addition, this report discusses the key drivers influencing market growth, opportunities, the challenges and the risks faced by key players and the market as a whole. It also analyzes key emerging trends and their impact on present and future development.

Research objectives

• To study and analyze the global Rower market size by key regions/countries, type and application, history data from 2015 to 2019, and forecast to 2025.
• To understand the structure of Rower market by identifying its various subsegments.
• Focuses on the key global Rower players, to define, describe and analyze the value, market share, market competition landscape, SWOT analysis and development plans in next few years.
• To analyze the Rower with respect to individual growth trends, future prospects, and their contribution to the total market.
• To share detailed information about the key factors influencing the growth of the market (growth potential, opportunities, drivers, industry-specific challenges and risks).
• To project the size of Rower submarkets, with respect to key regions (along with their respective key countries).
• To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches and acquisitions in the market.
• To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies.

Contents

1 SCOPE OF THE REPORT

1.1 Market Introduction
1.2 Research Objectives
1.3 Years Considered
1.4 Market Research Methodology
1.5 Economic Indicators
1.6 Currency Considered

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2.1 World Market Overview
  2.1.1 Global Rower Market Size 2015-2025
  2.1.2 Rower Market Size CAGR by Region
2.2 Rower Segment by Type
  2.2.1 Air Rower
  2.2.2 Air Rower
  2.2.3 Hydraulic Rower
  2.2.4 Water Rower
2.3 Rower Market Size by Type
  2.3.1 Global Rower Market Size Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
  2.3.2 Global Rower Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2015-2020)
2.4 Rower Segment by Application
  2.4.1 Home
  2.4.2 Commercial
2.5 Rower Market Size by Application
  2.5.1 Global Rower Market Size Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
  2.5.2 Global Rower Market Size Growth Rate by Application (2015-2020)

3 GLOBAL ROWER BY PLAYERS

3.1 Global Rower Market Size Market Share by Players
  3.1.1 Global Rower Market Size by Players (2018-2020)
  3.1.2 Global Rower Market Size Market Share by Players (2018-2020)
3.2 Global Rower Key Players Head office and Products Offered
3.3 Market Concentration Rate Analysis
  3.3.1 Competition Landscape Analysis
  3.3.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) (2018-2020)
3.4 New Products and Potential Entrants
3.5 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

4 ROWER BY REGIONS

4.1 Rower Market Size by Regions
4.2 Americas Rower Market Size Growth
4.3 APAC Rower Market Size Growth
4.4 Europe Rower Market Size Growth
4.5 Middle East & Africa Rower Market Size Growth

5 AMERICAS

5.1 Americas Rower Market Size by Countries
5.2 Americas Rower Market Size by Type
5.3 Americas Rower Market Size by Application
5.4 United States
5.5 Canada
5.6 Mexico
5.7 Key Economic Indicators of Few Americas Countries

6 APAC

6.1 APAC Rower Market Size by Regions
6.2 APAC Rower Market Size by Type
6.3 APAC Rower Market Size by Application
6.4 China
6.5 Japan
6.6 Korea
6.7 Southeast Asia
6.8 India
6.9 Australia
6.10 Key Economic Indicators of Few APAC Regions

7 EUROPE

7.1 Europe Rower by Countries
7.2 Europe Rower Market Size by Type
7.3 Europe Rower Market Size by Application
7.4 Germany
7.5 France
7.6 UK
7.7 Italy
7.8 Russia
7.9 Key Economic Indicators of Few Europe Countries

8 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA

8.1 Middle East & Africa Rower by Countries
8.2 Middle East & Africa Rower Market Size by Type
8.3 Middle East & Africa Rower Market Size by Application
8.4 Egypt
8.5 South Africa
8.6 Israel
8.7 Turkey
8.8 GCC Countries

9 MARKET DRIVERS, CHALLENGES AND TRENDS

9.1 Market Drivers and Impact
  9.1.1 Growing Demand from Key Regions
  9.1.2 Growing Demand from Key Applications and Potential Industries
9.2 Market Challenges and Impact
9.3 Market Trends

10 GLOBAL ROWER MARKET FORECAST

10.1 Global Rower Market Size Forecast (2021-2025)
10.2 Global Rower Forecast by Regions
  10.2.1 Global Rower Forecast by Regions (2021-2025)
  10.2.2 Americas Market Forecast
  10.2.3 APAC Market Forecast
  10.2.4 Europe Market Forecast
  10.2.5 Middle East & Africa Market Forecast
10.3 Americas Forecast by Countries
  10.3.1 United States Market Forecast
  10.3.2 Canada Market Forecast
  10.3.3 Mexico Market Forecast
  10.3.4 Brazil Market Forecast
10.4 APAC Forecast by Countries
  10.4.1 China Market Forecast
  10.4.2 Japan Market Forecast
  10.4.3 Korea Market Forecast
  10.4.4 Southeast Asia Market Forecast
  10.4.5 India Market Forecast
  10.4.6 Australia Market Forecast
10.5 Europe Forecast by Countries
  10.5.1 Germany Market Forecast
  10.5.2 France Market Forecast
  10.5.3 UK Market Forecast
  10.5.4 Italy Market Forecast
  10.5.5 Russia Market Forecast
  10.5.6 Spain Market Forecast
10.6 Middle East & Africa Forecast by Countries
  10.6.1 Egypt Market Forecast
  10.6.2 South Africa Market Forecast
  10.6.3 Israel Market Forecast
  10.6.4 Turkey Market Forecast
  10.6.5 GCC Countries Market Forecast
10.7 Global Rower Forecast by Type
10.8 Global Rower Forecast by Application

11 KEY PLAYERS ANALYSIS

11.1 Concept2
  11.1.1 Company Details
  11.1.2 Rower Product Offered
  11.1.3 Concept2 Rower Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2020)
  11.1.4 Main Business Overview
  11.1.5 Concept2 News
11.2 ProForm
  11.2.1 Company Details
  11.2.2 Rower Product Offered
  11.2.3 ProForm Rower Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2020)
  11.2.4 Main Business Overview
  11.2.5 ProForm News
11.3 WaterRower Machine
  11.3.1 Company Details
  11.3.2 Rower Product Offered
  11.3.3 WaterRower Machine Rower Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2020)
  11.3.4 Main Business Overview
  11.3.5 WaterRower Machine News
11.4 LifeCORE Fitness
  11.4.1 Company Details
  11.4.2 Rower Product Offered
  11.4.3 LifeCORE Fitness Rower Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2020)
  11.4.4 Main Business Overview
  11.4.5 LifeCORE Fitness News
11.5 HealthCare International
  11.5.1 Company Details
  11.5.2 Rower Product Offered
  11.5.3 HealthCare International Rower Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2020)
  11.5.4 Main Business Overview
  11.5.5 HealthCare International News
11.6 FIRST DEGREE FITNESS
  11.6.1 Company Details
  11.6.2 Rower Product Offered
  11.6.3 FIRST DEGREE FITNESS Rower Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2020)
  11.6.4 Main Business Overview
  11.6.5 FIRST DEGREE FITNESS News
11.7 Stamina Products
  11.7.1 Company Details
  11.7.2 Rower Product Offered
  11.7.3 Stamina Products Rower Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2020)
  11.7.4 Main Business Overview
  11.7.5 Stamina Products News
11.8 Bodycraft
  11.8.1 Company Details
  11.8.2 Rower Product Offered
  11.8.3 Bodycraft Rower Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2020)
  11.8.4 Main Business Overview
  11.8.5 Bodycraft News
11.9 Sunny Health & Fitness
  11.9.1 Company Details
  11.9.2 Rower Product Offered
  11.9.3 Sunny Health & Fitness Rower Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2020)
  11.9.4 Main Business Overview
  11.9.5 Sunny Health & Fitness News
11.10 KETTLER
  11.10.1 Company Details
  11.10.2 Rower Product Offered
  11.10.3 KETTLER Rower Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2020)
  11.10.4 Main Business Overview
  11.10.5 KETTLER News
11.11 Soozier
11.12 NordicTrack
11.13 LifeSpan
11.14 SOLE Treadmills
11.15 DKN Technology
11.16 Johnson Health Tech
11.17 Velocity Exercise

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Research Methodology
Table 2. Data Source
Table 3. Rower Market Size CAGR by Region 2015-2025 ($ Millions)
Table 4. Major Players of Air Rower
Table 5. Major Players of Magnetic Rower
Table 6. Major Players of Hydraulic Rower
Table 7. Major Players of Water Rower
Table 8. Rower Market Size by Type (2014-2019) ($ Millions)
Table 9. Global Rower Market Size Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
Table 10. Global Rower Market Size by Application (2015-2020) ($ Millions)
Table 11. Global Rower Market Size Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
Table 12. Global Rower Revenue by Players (2018-2020) ($ Millions)
Table 13. Global Rower Revenue Market Share by Players (2018-2020)
Table 14. Global Rower Key Players Head office and Products Offered
Table 15. Rower Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) (2018-2020)
Table 16. New Products and Potential Entrants
Table 17. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 18. Global Rower Market Size by Regions 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Table 19. Global Rower Market Size Market Share by Regions 2015-2020
Table 20. Americas Rower Market Size by Countries (2015-2020) ($ Millions)
Table 21. Americas Rower Market Size Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Table 22. Americas Rower Market Size by Type (2015-2020) ($ Millions)
Table 23. Americas Rower Market Size Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
Table 24. Americas Rower Market Size by Application (2015-2020) ($ Millions)
Table 25. Americas Rower Market Size Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
Table 26. APAC Rower Market Size by Regions (2015-2020) ($ Millions)
Table 27. APAC Rower Market Size Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Table 28. APAC Rower Market Size by Type (2015-2020) ($ Millions)
Table 29. APAC Rower Market Size Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
Table 30. APAC Rower Market Size by Application (2015-2020) ($ Millions)
Table 31. APAC Rower Market Size Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
Table 32. Europe Rower Market Size by Countries (2015-2020) ($ Millions)
Table 33. Europe Rower Market Size Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Table 34. Europe Rower Market Size by Type (2015-2020) ($ Millions)
Table 35. Europe Rower Market Size Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
Table 36. Europe Rower Market Size by Application (2015-2020) ($ Millions)
Table 37. Europe Rower Market Size Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
Table 38. Middle East & Africa Rower Market Size by Countries (2015-2020) ($ Millions)
Table 39. Middle East & Africa Rower Market Size Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Table 40. Middle East & Africa Rower Market Size by Type (2015-2020) ($ Millions)
Table 41. Middle East & Africa Rower Market Size Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
Table 42. Middle East & Africa Rower Market Size by Application (2015-2020) ($ Millions)
Table 43. Middle East & Africa Rower Market Size Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
Table 44. Key and Potential Regions of Rower
Table 45. Key Application and Potential Industries of Rower
Table 46. Key Challenges of Rower
Table 47. Key Trends of Rower
Table 48. Global Rower Market Size Forecast by Regions (2021-2025) ($ Millions)
Table 49. Global Rower Market Size Market Share Forecast by Regions
Table 50. Global Rower Market Size Forecast by Type (2021-2025) ($ Millions)
Table 51. Global Rower Market Size Market Share Forecast by Type (2021-2025)
Table 52. Global Rower Market Size Forecast by Application (2021-2025) ($ Millions)
Table 53. Global Rower Market Size Market Share Forecast by Application (2021-2025)
Table 54. Concept2 Details, Company Total Revenue (in $ million), Head Office, Rower Major Market Areas and Its Competitors
Table 55. Concept2 Rower Product Offered
Table 56. Concept2 Rower Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2020E)
Table 57. Concept2 Main Business
Table 58. Concept2 Latest Developments
Table 59. ProForm Details, Company Total Revenue (in $ million), Head Office, Rower Major Market Areas and Its Competitors
Table 60. ProForm Rower Product Offered
Table 61. ProForm Main Business
Table 62. ProForm Rower Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2020E)
Table 63. ProForm Latest Developments
Table 64. WaterRower Machine Details, Company Total Revenue (in $ million), Head Office, Rower Major Market Areas and Its Competitors
Table 65. WaterRower Machine Rower Product Offered
Table 66. WaterRower Machine Main Business
Table 67. WaterRower Machine Rower Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2020E)
Table 68. WaterRower Machine Latest Developments
Table 69. LifeCORE Fitness Details, Company Total Revenue (in $ million), Head Office, Rower Major Market Areas and Its Competitors
Table 70. LifeCORE Fitness Rower Product Offered
Table 71. LifeCORE Fitness Main Business
Table 72. LifeCORE Fitness Rower Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2020E)
Table 73. LifeCORE Fitness Latest Developments
Table 74. HealthCare International Details, Company Total Revenue (in $ million), Head Office, Rower Major Market Areas and Its Competitors
Table 75. HealthCare International Rower Product Offered
Table 76. HealthCare International Main Business
Table 77. HealthCare International Rower Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2020E)
Table 78. HealthCare International Latest Developments
Table 79. FIRST DEGREE FITNESS Details, Company Total Revenue (in $ million), Head Office, Rower Major Market Areas and Its Competitors
Table 80. FIRST DEGREE FITNESS Rower Product Offered
Table 81. FIRST DEGREE FITNESS Main Business
Table 82. FIRST DEGREE FITNESS Rower Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2020E)
Table 83. FIRST DEGREE FITNESS Latest Developments
Table 84. Stamina Products Details, Company Total Revenue (in $ million), Head Office, Rower Major Market Areas and Its Competitors
Table 85. Stamina Products Rower Product Offered
Table 86. Stamina Products Main Business
Table 87. Stamina Products Rower Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2020E)
Table 88. Stamina Products Latest Developments
Table 89. Bodycraft Details, Company Total Revenue (in $ million), Head Office, Rower Major Market Areas and Its Competitors
Table 90. Bodycraft Rower Product Offered
Table 91. Bodycraft Main Business
Table 92. Bodycraft Rower Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2020E)
Table 93. Bodycraft Latest Developments
Table 94. Sunny Health & Fitness Details, Company Total Revenue (in $ million), Head Office, Rower Major Market Areas and Its Competitors
Table 95. Sunny Health & Fitness Rower Product Offered
Table 96. Sunny Health & Fitness Main Business
Table 97. Sunny Health & Fitness Rower Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2020E)
Table 98. Sunny Health & Fitness Latest Developments
Table 99. KETTLER Details, Company Total Revenue (in $ million), Head Office, Rower Major Market Areas and Its Competitors
Table 100. KETTLER Rower Product Offered
Table 101. KETTLER Main Business
Table 102. KETTLER Rower Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2020E)
Table 103. KETTLER Latest Developments
Table 104. Soozier Details, Company Total Revenue (in $ million), Head Office, Rower Major Market Areas and Its Competitors
Table 105. NordicTrack Details, Company Total Revenue (in $ million), Head Office, Rower Major Market Areas and Its Competitors
Table 106. LifeSpan Details, Company Total Revenue (in $ million), Head Office, Rower Major Market Areas and Its Competitors
Table 107. SOLE Treadmills Details, Company Total Revenue (in $ million), Head Office, Rower Major Market Areas and Its Competitors
Table 108. DKN Technology Details, Company Total Revenue (in $ million), Head Office, Rower Major Market Areas and Its Competitors
Table 109. Johnson Health Tech Details, Company Total Revenue (in $ million), Head Office, Rower Major Market Areas and Its Competitors
Table 110. Velocity Exercise Details, Company Total Revenue (in $ million), Head Office, Rower Major Market Areas and Its Competitors

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Rower Report Years Considered
Figure 2. Market Research Methodology
Figure 3. Global Rower Market Size Growth Rate 2015-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 4. Global Rower Market Size Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
Figure 5. Global Air Rower Market Size Growth Rate
Figure 6. Global Magnetic Rower Market Size Growth Rate
Figure 7. Global Hydraulic Rower Market Size Growth Rate
Figure 8. Global Water Rower Market Size Growth Rate
Figure 9. Rower in Home
Figure 10. Global Rower Market: Home (2015-2020) ($ Millions)
Figure 11. Rower in Commercial
Figure 12. Global Rower Market: Commercial (2015-2020) ($ Millions)
Figure 13. Global Rower Market Size Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure 14. Global Rower Market Size Market Share by Regions 2015-2020
Figure 15. Americas Rower Market Size 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 16. APAC Rower Market Size 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 17. Europe Rower Market Size 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 18. Middle East & Africa Rower Market Size 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 19. Americas Rower Market Size Market Share by Countries in 2019
Figure 20. Americas Rower Market Size Market Share by Type in 2019
Figure 21. Americas Rower Market Size Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure 22. United States Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 23. Canada Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 24. Mexico Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 25. APAC Rower Market Size Market Share by Regions in 2019
Figure 26. APAC Rower Market Size Market Share by Type in 2019
Figure 27. APAC Rower Market Size Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure 28. China Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 29. Japan Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 30. Korea Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 31. Southeast Asia Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 32. India Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 33. Australia Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 34. Europe Rower Market Size Market Share by Countries in 2019
Figure 35. Europe Rower Market Size Market Share by Type in 2019
Figure 36. Europe Rower Market Size Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure 37. Germany Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 38. France Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 39. UK Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 40. Italy Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 41. Russia Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 42. Spain Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 43. Middle East & Africa Rower Market Size Market Share by Countries in 2019
Figure 44. Middle East & Africa Rower Market Size Market Share by Type in 2019
Figure 45. Middle East & Africa Rower Market Size Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure 46. Egypt Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 47. South Africa Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 48. Israel Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 49. Turkey Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 50. GCC Countries Rower Market Size Growth 2015-2020 ($ Millions)
Figure 51. Global Rower arket Size Forecast (2021-2025) ($ Millions)
Figure 52. Americas Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 53. APAC Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 54. Europe Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 55. Middle East & Africa Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 56. United States Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 57. Canada Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 58. Mexico Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 59. Brazil Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 60. China Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 61. Japan Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 62. Korea Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 63. Southeast Asia Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 64. India Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 65. Australia Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 66. Germany Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 67. France Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 68. UK Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 69. Italy Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 70. Russia Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 71. Spain Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 72. Egypt Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 73. South Africa Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 74. Israel Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 75. Turkey Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)
Figure 76. GCC Countries Rower Market Size 2021-2025 ($ Millions)