Europe Kitchen Knife Market Report 2017

January 2017 | 119 pages | ID: ED1BF9E3C76EN
QYResearch

Abstracts

Notes:

Sales, means the sales volume of Kitchen Knife

Revenue, means the sales value of Kitchen Knife

This report studies sales (consumption) of Kitchen Knife in Europe market, especially in Germany, France, UK, Russia, Italy, Spain and Benelux, focuses on top players in these countries, with sales, price, revenue and market share for each player in these Countries, covering

• Kitchen Knife Guru
• ZWILLING
• Yangjiang 18 Group
• Sandvik Group
• Mitsubishi Group
• KYOCERA Corporation
• Seco
• Kennametal

Market Segment by Countries, this report splits Europe into several key Countries, with sales (consumption), revenue, market share and growth rate of Kitchen Knife in these countries, from 2011 to 2021 (forecast), like

• Germany
• France
• UK
• Russia
• Italy
• Spain
• Benelux

Split by product type, with sales, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, can be divided into

• Chinese Style
• Japanese Style
• Western Style

Split by application, this report focuses on sales, market share and growth rate of Kitchen Knife in each application, can be divided into

• Bone Knife
• Paring Knife
• Meat Knife
• Others

Contents

Europe Kitchen Knife Market Report 2017

1 KITCHEN KNIFE OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Kitchen Knife
1.2 Classification of Kitchen Knife
  1.2.1 Chinese Style
  1.2.2 Japanese Style
  1.2.3 Western Style
1.3 Application of Kitchen Knife
  1.3.1 Bone Knife
  1.3.2 Paring Knife
  1.3.3 Meat Knife
  1.3.4 Others
1.4 Kitchen Knife Market by Countries
  1.4.1 Germany Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.2 France Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.3 UK Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.4 Russia Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.5 Italy Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.6 Spain Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.7 Benelux Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
1.5 Europe Market Size (Value and Volume) of Kitchen Knife (2011-2021)
  1.5.1 Europe Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
  1.5.2 Europe Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)

2 EUROPE KITCHEN KNIFE BY MANUFACTURERS, TYPE AND APPLICATION

2.1 Europe Kitchen Knife Market Competition by Manufacturers
  2.1.1 Europe Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
  2.1.2 Europe Kitchen Knife Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
2.2 Europe Kitchen Knife (Volume and Value) by Type
  2.2.1 Europe Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
  2.2.2 Europe Kitchen Knife Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
2.3 Europe Kitchen Knife (Volume and Value) by Countries
  2.3.1 Europe Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Countries (2011-2016)
  2.3.2 Europe Kitchen Knife Revenue and Market Share by Countries (2011-2016)
2.4 Europe Kitchen Knife (Volume) by Application

3 GERMANY KITCHEN KNIFE (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

3.1 Germany Kitchen Knife Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  3.1.1 Germany Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  3.1.2 Germany Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  3.1.3 Germany Kitchen Knife Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
3.2 Germany Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
3.3 Germany Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Type
3.4 Germany Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Application

4 FRANCE KITCHEN KNIFE (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

4.1 France Kitchen Knife Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  4.1.1 France Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  4.1.2 France Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  4.1.4 France Kitchen Knife Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
4.2 France Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
4.3 France Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Type
4.4 France Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Application

5 UK KITCHEN KNIFE (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

5.1 UK Kitchen Knife Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  5.1.1 UK Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  5.1.2 UK Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  5.1.5 UK Kitchen Knife Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
5.2 UK Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
5.3 UK Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Type
5.4 UK Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Application

6 RUSSIA KITCHEN KNIFE (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

6.1 Russia Kitchen Knife Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  6.1.1 Russia Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  6.1.2 Russia Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  6.1.6 Russia Kitchen Knife Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
6.2 Russia Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
6.3 Russia Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Type
6.4 Russia Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Application

7 ITALY KITCHEN KNIFE (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

7.1 Italy Kitchen Knife Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  7.1.1 Italy Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  7.1.2 Italy Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  7.1.7 Italy Kitchen Knife Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
7.2 Italy Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
7.3 Italy Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Type
7.4 Italy Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Application

8 SPAIN KITCHEN KNIFE (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

8.1 Spain Kitchen Knife Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  8.1.1 Spain Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  8.1.2 Spain Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  8.1.8 Spain Kitchen Knife Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
8.2 Spain Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
8.3 Spain Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Type
8.4 Spain Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Application

9 BENELUX KITCHEN KNIFE (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

9.1 Benelux Kitchen Knife Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  9.1.1 Benelux Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  9.1.2 Benelux Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  9.1.9 Benelux Kitchen Knife Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
9.2 Benelux Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
9.3 Benelux Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Type
9.4 Benelux Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Application

10 EUROPE KITCHEN KNIFE MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS

10.1 Kitchen Knife Guru
  10.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.1.2 Kitchen Knife Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.1.2.1 Chinese Style
    10.1.2.2 Japanese Style
  10.1.3 Kitchen Knife Guru Kitchen Knife Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.2 ZWILLING
  10.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.2.2 Kitchen Knife Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.2.2.1 Chinese Style
    10.2.2.2 Japanese Style
  10.2.3 ZWILLING Kitchen Knife Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.3 Yangjiang 18 Group
  10.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.3.2 Kitchen Knife Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.3.2.1 Chinese Style
    10.3.2.2 Japanese Style
  10.3.3 Yangjiang 18 Group Kitchen Knife Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.4 Sandvik Group
  10.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.4.2 Kitchen Knife Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.4.2.1 Chinese Style
    10.4.2.2 Japanese Style
  10.4.3 Sandvik Group Kitchen Knife Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.5 Mitsubishi Group
  10.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.5.2 Kitchen Knife Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.5.2.1 Chinese Style
    10.5.2.2 Japanese Style
  10.5.3 Mitsubishi Group Kitchen Knife Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.6 KYOCERA Corporation
  10.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.6.2 Kitchen Knife Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.6.2.1 Chinese Style
    10.6.2.2 Japanese Style
  10.6.3 KYOCERA Corporation Kitchen Knife Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.7 Seco
  10.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.7.2 Kitchen Knife Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.7.2.1 Chinese Style
    10.7.2.2 Japanese Style
  10.7.3 Seco Kitchen Knife Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.8 Kennametal
  10.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.8.2 Kitchen Knife Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.8.2.1 Chinese Style
    10.8.2.2 Japanese Style
  10.8.3 Kennametal Kitchen Knife Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview

11 KITCHEN KNIFE MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

11.1 Kitchen Knife Key Raw Materials Analysis
  11.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  11.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  11.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  11.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
11.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  11.2.1 Raw Materials
  11.2.2 Labor Cost
  11.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
11.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Kitchen Knife

12 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

12.1 Kitchen Knife Industrial Chain Analysis
12.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
12.3 Raw Materials Sources of Kitchen Knife Major Manufacturers in 2015
12.4 Downstream Buyers

13 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

13.1 Marketing Channel
  13.1.1 Direct Marketing
  13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  13.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
13.2 Market Positioning
  13.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  13.2.2 Brand Strategy
  13.2.3 Target Client
13.3 Distributors/Traders List

14 EUROPE KITCHEN KNIFE MARKET FORECAST (2016-2021)

14.1 Germany Kitchen Knife Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.2 France Kitchen Knife Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.3 UK Kitchen Knife Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.4 Russia Kitchen Knife Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.5 Italy Kitchen Knife Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.6 Spain Kitchen Knife Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.7 Benelux Kitchen Knife Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.8 Europe Kitchen Knife Sales Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
14.9 Europe Kitchen Knife Sales Forecast by Application (2016-2021)

15 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

16 APPENDIX

Methodology
Analyst Introduction
Data Source

The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Picture of Kitchen Knife
Table Classification of Kitchen Knife
Figure Europe Sales Market Share of Kitchen Knife by Type in 2015
Figure Chinese Style Picture
Figure Japanese Style Picture
Figure Western Style Picture
Table Application of Kitchen Knife
Figure Europe Sales Market Share of Kitchen Knife by Application in 2015
Figure Bone Knife Examples
Figure Paring Knife Examples
Figure Meat Knife Examples
Figure Others Examples
Figure Germany Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure France Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure UK Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Russia Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Italy Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Spain Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Benelux Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Europe Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Europe Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Table Europe Kitchen Knife Sales of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Europe Kitchen Knife Sales Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Figure 2015 Kitchen Knife Sales Share by Manufacturers
Figure 2016 Kitchen Knife Sales Share by Manufacturers
Table Europe Kitchen Knife Revenue by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Europe Kitchen Knife Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table 2015 Europe Kitchen Knife Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table 2016 Europe Kitchen Knife Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table Europe Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Europe Kitchen Knife Sales Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Sales Market Share of Kitchen Knife by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Europe Kitchen Knife Sales Growth Rate by Type (2011-2016)
Table Europe Kitchen Knife Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Europe Kitchen Knife Revenue Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Kitchen Knife by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Europe Kitchen Knife Revenue Growth Rate by Type (2011-2016)
Table Europe Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Countries (2011-2016)
Table Europe Kitchen Knife Sales Share by Countries (2011-2016)
Figure Sales Market Share of Kitchen Knife by Countries (2011-2016)
Table Europe Kitchen Knife Revenue and Market Share by Countries (2011-2016)
Table Europe Kitchen Knife Revenue Share by Countries (2011-2016)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Kitchen Knife by Countries (2011-2016)
Table Europe Kitchen Knife Sales and Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Table Europe Kitchen Knife Sales Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Sales Market Share of Kitchen Knife by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Germany Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Germany Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Germany Kitchen Knife Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Germany Kitchen Knife Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Kitchen Knife Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Kitchen Knife Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Kitchen Knife Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Kitchen Knife Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Kitchen Knife Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure France Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure France Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure France Kitchen Knife Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table France Kitchen Knife Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table France Kitchen Knife Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table France Kitchen Knife Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table France Kitchen Knife Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table France Kitchen Knife Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table France Kitchen Knife Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure UK Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure UK Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure UK Kitchen Knife Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table UK Kitchen Knife Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Kitchen Knife Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Kitchen Knife Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Kitchen Knife Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Kitchen Knife Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Kitchen Knife Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Russia Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Russia Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Russia Kitchen Knife Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Russia Kitchen Knife Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Kitchen Knife Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Kitchen Knife Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Kitchen Knife Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Kitchen Knife Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Kitchen Knife Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Italy Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Italy Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Italy Kitchen Knife Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Italy Kitchen Knife Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Kitchen Knife Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Kitchen Knife Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Kitchen Knife Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Kitchen Knife Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Kitchen Knife Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Spain Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Spain Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Spain Kitchen Knife Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Spain Kitchen Knife Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Kitchen Knife Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Kitchen Knife Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Kitchen Knife Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Kitchen Knife Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Kitchen Knife Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Benelux Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Benelux Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Benelux Kitchen Knife Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Benelux Kitchen Knife Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Kitchen Knife Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Kitchen Knife Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Kitchen Knife Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Kitchen Knife Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Kitchen Knife Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Kitchen Knife Basic Information List
Table Kitchen Knife Guru Kitchen Knife Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Kitchen Knife Guru Kitchen Knife Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table ZWILLING Basic Information List
Table ZWILLING Kitchen Knife Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table ZWILLING Kitchen Knife Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Yangjiang 18 Group Basic Information List
Table Yangjiang 18 Group Kitchen Knife Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Yangjiang 18 Group Kitchen Knife Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Sandvik Group Basic Information List
Table Sandvik Group Kitchen Knife Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Sandvik Group Kitchen Knife Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Mitsubishi Group Basic Information List
Table Mitsubishi Group Kitchen Knife Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Mitsubishi Group Kitchen Knife Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table KYOCERA Corporation Basic Information List
Table KYOCERA Corporation Kitchen Knife Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table KYOCERA Corporation Kitchen Knife Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Seco Basic Information List
Table Seco Kitchen Knife Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Seco Kitchen Knife Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Kennametal Basic Information List
Table Kennametal Kitchen Knife Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Kennametal Kitchen Knife Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Kitchen Knife
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Kitchen Knife
Figure Kitchen Knife Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Kitchen Knife Major Manufacturers in 2015
Table Major Buyers of Kitchen Knife
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure Germany Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Germany Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure France Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure France Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure UK Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure UK Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Russia Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Russia Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Italy Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Italy Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Spain Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Spain Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Benelux Kitchen Knife Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Benelux Kitchen Knife Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table Europe Kitchen Knife Sales Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
Table Europe Kitchen Knife Sales Forecast by Application (2016-2021)