Europe Electronic Piano Market Report 2016

October 2016 | 126 pages | ID: E1C512CB0D0EN
QYResearch

Abstracts

Notes:

Sales, means the sales volume of Electronic Piano

Revenue, means the sales value of Electronic Piano

This report studies sales (consumption) of Electronic Piano in Europe market, especially in Germany, UK, France, Russia, Italy, Benelux and Spain, focuses on top players in these countries, with sales, price, revenue and market share for each player in these Countries, covering

• Casio
• Yamaha
• Roland
• Korg
• Young Chang
• Hammond Organ
• Hamzer
• Nord Keyboards
• Orla Direct
• Technics Keyboards

Market Segment by Countries, this report splits Europe into several key Countries, with sales (consumption), revenue, market share and growth rate of Electronic Piano in these countries, from 2011 to 2021 (forecast), like

• Germany
• France
• UK
• Russia
• Italy
• Spain
• Benelux

Split by product type, with sales, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, can be divided into

• Type I
• Type II
• Type III

Split by application, this report focuses on sales, market share and growth rate of Electronic Piano in each application, can be divided into

• Application 1
• Application 2
• Application 3

Contents

Europe Electronic Piano Market Report 2016

1 ELECTRONIC PIANO OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Electronic Piano
1.2 Classification of Electronic Piano
  1.2.1 Type I
  1.2.2 Type II
  1.2.3 Type III
1.3 Application of Electronic Piano
  1.3.1 Application
  1.3.2 Application
  1.3.3 Application
1.4 Electronic Piano Market by Countries
  1.4.1 Germany Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.2 France Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.3 UK Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.4 Russia Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.5 Italy Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.6 Spain Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.7 Benelux Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
1.5 Europe Market Size (Value and Volume) of Electronic Piano (2011-2021)
  1.5.1 Europe Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
  1.5.2 Europe Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)

2 EUROPE ELECTRONIC PIANO BY MANUFACTURERS, TYPE AND APPLICATION

2.1 Europe Electronic Piano Market Competition by Manufacturers
  2.1.1 Europe Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
  2.1.2 Europe Electronic Piano Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
2.2 Europe Electronic Piano (Volume and Value) by Type
  2.2.1 Europe Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
  2.2.2 Europe Electronic Piano Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
2.3 Europe Electronic Piano (Volume and Value) by Countries
  2.3.1 Europe Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Countries (2011-2016)
  2.3.2 Europe Electronic Piano Revenue and Market Share by Countries (2011-2016)
2.4 Europe Electronic Piano (Volume) by Application

3 GERMANY ELECTRONIC PIANO (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

3.1 Germany Electronic Piano Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  3.1.1 Germany Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  3.1.2 Germany Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  3.1.3 Germany Electronic Piano Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
3.2 Germany Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
3.3 Germany Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Type
3.4 Germany Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Application

4 FRANCE ELECTRONIC PIANO (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

4.1 France Electronic Piano Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  4.1.1 France Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  4.1.2 France Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  4.1.4 France Electronic Piano Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
4.2 France Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
4.3 France Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Type
4.4 France Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Application

5 UK ELECTRONIC PIANO (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

5.1 UK Electronic Piano Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  5.1.1 UK Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  5.1.2 UK Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  5.1.5 UK Electronic Piano Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
5.2 UK Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
5.3 UK Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Type
5.4 UK Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Application

6 RUSSIA ELECTRONIC PIANO (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

6.1 Russia Electronic Piano Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  6.1.1 Russia Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  6.1.2 Russia Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  6.1.6 Russia Electronic Piano Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
6.2 Russia Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
6.3 Russia Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Type
6.4 Russia Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Application

7 ITALY ELECTRONIC PIANO (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

7.1 Italy Electronic Piano Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  7.1.1 Italy Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  7.1.2 Italy Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  7.1.7 Italy Electronic Piano Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
7.2 Italy Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
7.3 Italy Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Type
7.4 Italy Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Application

8 SPAIN ELECTRONIC PIANO (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

8.1 Spain Electronic Piano Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  8.1.1 Spain Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  8.1.2 Spain Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  8.1.8 Spain Electronic Piano Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
8.2 Spain Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
8.3 Spain Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Type
8.4 Spain Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Application

9 BENELUX ELECTRONIC PIANO (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

9.1 Benelux Electronic Piano Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  9.1.1 Benelux Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  9.1.2 Benelux Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  9.1.9 Benelux Electronic Piano Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
9.2 Benelux Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
9.3 Benelux Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Type
9.4 Benelux Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Application

10 EUROPE ELECTRONIC PIANO MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS

10.1 Casio
  10.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.1.2 Electronic Piano Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.1.2.1 Type I
    10.1.2.2 Type II
  10.1.3 Casio Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.2 Yamaha
  10.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.2.2 Electronic Piano Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.2.2.1 Type I
    10.2.2.2 Type II
  10.2.3 Yamaha Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.3 Roland
  10.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.3.2 Electronic Piano Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.3.2.1 Type I
    10.3.2.2 Type II
  10.3.3 Roland Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.4 Korg
  10.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.4.2 Electronic Piano Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.4.2.1 Type I
    10.4.2.2 Type II
  10.4.3 Korg Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.5 Young Chang
  10.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.5.2 Electronic Piano Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.5.2.1 Type I
    10.5.2.2 Type II
  10.5.3 Young Chang Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.6 Hammond Organ
  10.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.6.2 Electronic Piano Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.6.2.1 Type I
    10.6.2.2 Type II
  10.6.3 Hammond Organ Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.7 Hamzer
  10.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.7.2 Electronic Piano Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.7.2.1 Type I
    10.7.2.2 Type II
  10.7.3 Hamzer Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.8 Nord Keyboards
  10.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.8.2 Electronic Piano Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.8.2.1 Type I
    10.8.2.2 Type II
  10.8.3 Nord Keyboards Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.9 Orla Direct
  10.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.9.2 Electronic Piano Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.9.2.1 Type I
    10.9.2.2 Type II
  10.9.3 Orla Direct Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.10 Technics Keyboards
  10.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.10.2 Electronic Piano Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.10.2.1 Type I
    10.10.2.2 Type II
  10.10.3 Technics Keyboards Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview

11 ELECTRONIC PIANO MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

11.1 Electronic Piano Key Raw Materials Analysis
  11.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  11.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  11.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  11.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
11.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  11.2.1 Raw Materials
  11.2.2 Labor Cost
  11.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
11.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Electronic Piano

12 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

12.1 Electronic Piano Industrial Chain Analysis
12.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
12.3 Raw Materials Sources of Electronic Piano Major Manufacturers in 2015
12.4 Downstream Buyers

13 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

13.1 Marketing Channel
  13.1.1 Direct Marketing
  13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  13.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
13.2 Market Positioning
  13.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  13.2.2 Brand Strategy
  13.2.3 Target Client
13.3 Distributors/Traders List

14 EUROPE ELECTRONIC PIANO MARKET FORECAST (2016-2021)

14.1 Germany Electronic Piano Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.2 France Electronic Piano Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.3 UK Electronic Piano Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.4 Russia Electronic Piano Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.5 Italy Electronic Piano Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.6 Spain Electronic Piano Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.7 Benelux Electronic Piano Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.8 Europe Electronic Piano Sales Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
14.9 Europe Electronic Piano Sales Forecast by Application (2016-2021)

15 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

16 APPENDIX

Author List
Disclosure Section
Research Methodology
Data Source
Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Picture of Electronic Piano
Table Classification of Electronic Piano
Figure Europe Sales Market Share of Electronic Piano by Type in 2015
Figure Type I Picture
Figure Type II Picture
Table Application of Electronic Piano
Figure Europe Sales Market Share of Electronic Piano by Application in 2015
Figure Application 1 Examples
Figure Application 2 Examples
Figure Germany Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure France Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure UK Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Russia Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Italy Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Spain Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Benelux Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Europe Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Europe Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Table Europe Electronic Piano Sales of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Europe Electronic Piano Sales Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Figure 2015 Electronic Piano Sales Share by Manufacturers
Figure 2016 Electronic Piano Sales Share by Manufacturers
Table Europe Electronic Piano Revenue by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Europe Electronic Piano Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table 2015 Europe Electronic Piano Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table 2016 Europe Electronic Piano Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table Europe Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Europe Electronic Piano Sales Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Sales Market Share of Electronic Piano by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Europe Electronic Piano Sales Growth Rate by Type (2011-2016)
Table Europe Electronic Piano Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Europe Electronic Piano Revenue Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Electronic Piano by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Europe Electronic Piano Revenue Growth Rate by Type (2011-2016)
Table Europe Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Countries (2011-2016)
Table Europe Electronic Piano Sales Share by Countries (2011-2016)
Figure Sales Market Share of Electronic Piano by Countries (2011-2016)
Table Europe Electronic Piano Revenue and Market Share by Countries (2011-2016)
Table Europe Electronic Piano Revenue Share by Countries (2011-2016)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Electronic Piano by Countries (2011-2016)
Table Europe Electronic Piano Sales and Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Table Europe Electronic Piano Sales Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Sales Market Share of Electronic Piano by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Germany Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Germany Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Germany Electronic Piano Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Germany Electronic Piano Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Electronic Piano Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Electronic Piano Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Electronic Piano Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Electronic Piano Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Electronic Piano Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure France Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure France Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure France Electronic Piano Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table France Electronic Piano Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table France Electronic Piano Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table France Electronic Piano Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table France Electronic Piano Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table France Electronic Piano Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table France Electronic Piano Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure UK Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure UK Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure UK Electronic Piano Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table UK Electronic Piano Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Electronic Piano Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Electronic Piano Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Electronic Piano Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Electronic Piano Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Electronic Piano Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Russia Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Russia Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Russia Electronic Piano Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Russia Electronic Piano Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Electronic Piano Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Electronic Piano Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Electronic Piano Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Electronic Piano Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Electronic Piano Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Italy Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Italy Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Italy Electronic Piano Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Italy Electronic Piano Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Electronic Piano Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Electronic Piano Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Electronic Piano Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Electronic Piano Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Electronic Piano Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Spain Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Spain Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Spain Electronic Piano Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Spain Electronic Piano Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Electronic Piano Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Electronic Piano Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Electronic Piano Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Electronic Piano Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Electronic Piano Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Benelux Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Benelux Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Benelux Electronic Piano Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Benelux Electronic Piano Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Electronic Piano Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Electronic Piano Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Electronic Piano Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Electronic Piano Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Electronic Piano Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Electronic Piano Basic Information List
Table Casio Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Casio Electronic Piano Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Yamaha Basic Information List
Table Yamaha Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Yamaha Electronic Piano Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Roland Basic Information List
Table Roland Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Roland Electronic Piano Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Korg Basic Information List
Table Korg Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Korg Electronic Piano Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Young Chang Basic Information List
Table Young Chang Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Young Chang Electronic Piano Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Hammond Organ Basic Information List
Table Hammond Organ Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Hammond Organ Electronic Piano Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Hamzer Basic Information List
Table Hamzer Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Hamzer Electronic Piano Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Nord Keyboards Basic Information List
Table Nord Keyboards Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Nord Keyboards Electronic Piano Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Orla Direct Basic Information List
Table Orla Direct Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Orla Direct Electronic Piano Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Technics Keyboards Basic Information List
Table Technics Keyboards Electronic Piano Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Technics Keyboards Electronic Piano Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Electronic Piano
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Electronic Piano
Figure Electronic Piano Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Electronic Piano Major Manufacturers in 2015
Table Major Buyers of Electronic Piano
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure Germany Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Germany Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure France Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure France Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure UK Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure UK Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Russia Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Russia Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Italy Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Italy Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Spain Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Spain Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Benelux Electronic Piano Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Benelux Electronic Piano Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table Europe Electronic Piano Sales Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
Table Europe Electronic Piano Sales Forecast by Application (2016-2021)