Europe Bicycle Headsets Market Research Report Forecast 2017 to 2022

November 2017 | 132 pages | ID: EF7AC35BBB5EN
S&P Consulting

Abstracts

Delivery of the Report will take 2-3 working days once order is placed.

The Europe Bicycle Headsets Market Research Report Forecast 2017-2022 is a valuable source of insightful data for business strategists. It provides the Bicycle Headsets industry overview with growth analysis and historical & futuristic cost, revenue, demand and supply data (as applicable). The research analysts provide an elaborate description of the value chain and its distributor analysis. This Bicycle Headsets market study provides comprehensive data which enhances the understanding, scope and application of this report.

This report provides comprehensive analysis of

• Key market segments and sub-segments
• Evolving market trends and dynamics
• Changing supply and demand scenarios
• Quantifying market opportunities through market sizing and market forecasting
• Tracking current trends/opportunities/challenges
• Competitive insights
• Opportunity mapping in terms of technological breakthroughs

Europe Bicycle Headsets Market Analysis by Countries:
Germany
France
UK
Russia
Italy
Spain
Benelux

The Major players reported in the market include:
Campagnolo
Cane Creek
Chris King
FSA
Ritchey
Shimano
TANGE SEIKI
Unbranded
company 9

Europe Bicycle Headsets Market Analysis by Product:
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3

Europe Bicycle Headsets Market Analysis by Application:
Application 1
Application 2
Application 3

Reasons for Buying this Report

• This report provides pin-point analysis for changing competitive dynamics
• It provides a forward looking perspective on different factors driving or restraining market growth
• It provides a six-year forecast assessed on the basis of how the market is predicted to grow
• It helps in understanding the key product segments and their future
• It provides pin point analysis of changing competition dynamics and keeps you ahead of competitors
• It helps in making informed business decisions by having complete insights of market and by making in-depth analysis of market segments

Contents

1 BICYCLE HEADSETS MARKET OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Bicycle Headsets
1.2 Classification of Bicycle Headsets
  1.2.1 Type
  1.2.2 Type
  1.2.3 Type
1.3 Application of Bicycle Headsets
  1.3.2 Application
  1.3.3 Application
  1.3.4 Application
1.4 Bicycle Headsets Market States Status and Prospect (2012-2022) by Countries
  1.4.1 Germany
  1.4.2 France
  1.4.3 UK
  1.4.4 Russia
  1.4.5 Italy
  1.4.6 Spain
  1.4.7 Benelux
1.5 Europe Market Size (Value and Volume) of Bicycle Headsets (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 Europe Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
  1.5.2 Europe Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 EUROPE ECONOMIC IMPACT ON BICYCLE HEADSETS INDUSTRY

2.1 Europe Macroeconomic Analysis
2.2 Europe Macroeconomic Environment Development Trend

3 BICYCLE HEADSETS MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

3.1 Bicycle Headsets Key Raw Materials Analysis
  3.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  3.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  3.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  3.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
3.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  3.2.1 Raw Materials
  3.2.2 Labor Cost
  3.2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Bicycle Headsets

4 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

4.1 Bicycle Headsets Industrial Chain Analysis
4.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
4.3 Raw Materials Sources of Bicycle Headsets Major Manufacturers in 2016
4.4 Downstream Buyers

5 EUROPE BICYCLE HEADSETS MARKET ANALYSIS BY MANUFACTURERS, TYPE AND APPLICATION

5.1 Europe Bicycle Headsets Market Competition by Manufacturers
  5.1.1 Europe Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
  5.1.2 Europe Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
5.2 Europe Bicycle Headsets (Volume and Value) by Type
  5.2.1 Europe Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
  5.2.2 Europe Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
5.3 Europe Bicycle Headsets (Volume and Value) by Countries
  5.3.1 Europe Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)
  5.3.2 Europe Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)
5.4 Europe Bicycle Headsets (Volume) by Application

6 GERMANY BICYCLE HEADSETS (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

6.1 Germany Bicycle Headsets Sales and Value (2012-2017)
  6.1.1 Germany Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  6.1.2 Germany Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  6.1.3 Germany Bicycle Headsets Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
6.2 Germany Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
6.3 Germany Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Type
6.4 Germany Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Application

7 FRANCE BICYCLE HEADSETS (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

7.1 France Bicycle Headsets Sales and Value (2012-2017)
  7.1.1 France Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  7.1.2 France Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  7.1.3 France Bicycle Headsets Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
7.2 France Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
7.3 France Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Type
7.4 France Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Application

8 UK BICYCLE HEADSETS (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

8.1 UK Bicycle Headsets Sales and Value (2012-2017)
  8.1.1 UK Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  8.1.2 UK Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  8.1.3 UK Bicycle Headsets Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
8.2 UK Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
8.3 UK Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Type
8.4 UK Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Application

9 RUSSIA BICYCLE HEADSETS (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

9.1 Russia Bicycle Headsets Sales and Value (2012-2017)
  9.1.1 Russia Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  9.1.2 Russia Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  9.1.3 Russia Bicycle Headsets Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
9.2 Russia Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
9.3 Russia Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Type
9.4 Russia Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Application

10 ITALY BICYCLE HEADSETS (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

10.1 Italy Bicycle Headsets Sales and Value (2012-2017)
  10.1.1 Italy Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  10.1.2 Italy Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  10.1.3 Italy Bicycle Headsets Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
10.2 Italy Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
10.3 Italy Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Type
10.4 Italy Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Application

11 SPAIN BICYCLE HEADSETS (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

11.1 Spain Bicycle Headsets Sales and Value (2012-2017)
  11.1.1 Spain Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  11.1.2 Spain Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  11.1.3 Spain Bicycle Headsets Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
11.2 Spain Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
11.3 Spain Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Type
11.4 Spain Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Application

12 BENELUX BICYCLE HEADSETS (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

12.1 Benelux Bicycle Headsets Sales and Value (2012-2017)
  12.1.1 Benelux Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  12.1.2 Benelux Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  12.1.3 Benelux Bicycle Headsets Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
12.2 Benelux Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
12.3 Benelux Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Type
12.4 Benelux Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Application

13 EUROPE BICYCLE HEADSETS MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS

13.1 Campagnolo
  13.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.1.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.1.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  13.1.4 Business Overview
13.2 Cane Creek
  13.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.2.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.2.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  13.2.4 Business Overview
13.3 Chris King
  13.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.3.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.3.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  13.3.4 Business Overview
13.4 FSA
  13.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.4.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.4.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  13.4.4 Business Overview
13.5 Ritchey
  13.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.5.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.5.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  13.5.4 Business Overview
13.6 Shimano
  13.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.6.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.6.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  13.6.4 Business Overview
13.7 TANGE SEIKI
  13.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.7.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.7.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  13.7.4 Business Overview
13.8 Unbranded
  13.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.8.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.8.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  13.8.4 Business Overview
13.9 company
  13.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.9.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.9.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  13.9.4 Business Overview

13 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

13.1 Marketing Channel
  13.1.1 Direct Marketing
  13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  13.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
13.2 Market Positioning
  13.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  13.2.2 Brand Strategy
  13.2.3 Target Client
13.3 Distributors/Traders List

14 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

14.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  14.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  14.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
14.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
14.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

15 EUROPE BICYCLE HEADSETS MARKET FORECAST (2017-2022)

15.1 Germany Market Forecast (2017-2022)
15.2 France Market Forecast (2017-2022)
15.3 UK Market Forecast (2017-2022)
15.4 Russia Market Forecast (2017-2022)
15.5 Italy Market Forecast (2017-2022)
15.6 Spain Market Forecast (2017-2022)
15.7 Benelux Market Forecast (2017-2022)
15.8 Europe Bicycle Headsets Market Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
15.9 Europe Bicycle Headsets Market Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

16 APPENDIX

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Picture of Bicycle Headsets
Table Classification of Bicycle Headsets
Figure Europe Sales Market Share of Bicycle Headsets by Type in 2016
Table Application of Bicycle Headsets
Figure Europe Sales Market Share of Bicycle Headsets by Application in 2016
Figure Germany Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure France Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure UK Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Russia Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Italy Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Spain Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Benelux Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Europe Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Europe Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Table Europe Bicycle Headsets Sales of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Europe Bicycle Headsets Sales Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Figure 2015 Bicycle Headsets Sales Share by Manufacturers
Figure 2016 Bicycle Headsets Sales Share by Manufacturers
Table Europe Bicycle Headsets Revenue by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Europe Bicycle Headsets Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table 2015 Europe Bicycle Headsets Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table 2016 Europe Bicycle Headsets Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table Europe Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table Europe Bicycle Headsets Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Sales Market Share of Bicycle Headsets by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Europe Bicycle Headsets Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
Table Europe Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table Europe Bicycle Headsets Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Bicycle Headsets by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Europe Bicycle Headsets Revenue Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
Table Europe Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)
Table Europe Bicycle Headsets Sales Share by Countries (2012-2017)
Figure Sales Market Share of Bicycle Headsets by Countries (2012-2017)
Table Europe Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)
Table Europe Bicycle Headsets Revenue Share by Countries (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Bicycle Headsets by Countries (2012-2017)
Table Europe Bicycle Headsets Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Table Europe Bicycle Headsets Sales Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure Sales Market Share of Bicycle Headsets by Application (2012-2017)
Figure Germany Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Germany Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Germany Bicycle Headsets Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
Table Germany Bicycle Headsets Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Bicycle Headsets Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Bicycle Headsets Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure France Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure France Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure France Bicycle Headsets Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
Table France Bicycle Headsets Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table France Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table France Bicycle Headsets Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table France Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table France Bicycle Headsets Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table France Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure UK Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure UK Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure UK Bicycle Headsets Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
Table UK Bicycle Headsets Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Bicycle Headsets Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Bicycle Headsets Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Russia Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Russia Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Russia Bicycle Headsets Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
Table Russia Bicycle Headsets Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Bicycle Headsets Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Bicycle Headsets Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Italy Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Italy Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Italy Bicycle Headsets Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
Table Italy Bicycle Headsets Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Bicycle Headsets Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Bicycle Headsets Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Spain Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Spain Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Spain Bicycle Headsets Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
Table Spain Bicycle Headsets Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Bicycle Headsets Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Bicycle Headsets Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Benelux Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Benelux Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Benelux Bicycle Headsets Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
Table Benelux Bicycle Headsets Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Bicycle Headsets Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Bicycle Headsets Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Bicycle Headsets Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Campagnolo Basic Information List
Table Campagnolo Bicycle Headsets Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Campagnolo Bicycle Headsets Sales Market Share (2012-2017)
Table Cane Creek Basic Information List
Table Cane Creek Bicycle Headsets Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Table Cane Creek Bicycle Headsets Sales Market Share (2012-2017)
Table Chris King Basic Information List
Table Chris King Bicycle Headsets Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Chris King Bicycle Headsets Sales Market Share (2012-2017)
Table FSA Basic Information List
Table FSA Bicycle Headsets Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Table FSA Bicycle Headsets Sales Market Share (2012-2017)
Table Ritchey Basic Information List
Table Ritchey Bicycle Headsets Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Ritchey Bicycle Headsets Sales Market Share (2012-2017)
Table Shimano Basic Information List
Table Shimano Bicycle Headsets Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Table Shimano Bicycle Headsets Sales Market Share (2012-2017)
Table TANGE SEIKI Basic Information List
Table TANGE SEIKI Bicycle Headsets Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure TANGE SEIKI Bicycle Headsets Sales Market Share (2012-2017)
Table Unbranded Basic Information List
Table Unbranded Bicycle Headsets Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Table Unbranded Bicycle Headsets Sales Market Share (2012-2017)
Table company 9 Basic Information List
Table company 9 Bicycle Headsets Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure company 9 Bicycle Headsets Sales Market Share (2012-2017).
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Bicycle Headsets
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Bicycle Headsets
Figure Bicycle Headsets Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Bicycle Headsets Major Manufacturers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Bicycle Headsets
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure Germany Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure Germany Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure France Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure France Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure UK Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure UK Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure Russia Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure Russia Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure Italy Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure Italy Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure Spain Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure Spain Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure Benelux Bicycle Headsets Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure Benelux Bicycle Headsets Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Table Europe Bicycle Headsets Sales Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Table Europe Bicycle Headsets Sales Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

COMPANIES MENTIONED

Campagnolo
Cane Creek
Chris King
FSA
Ritchey
Shimano
TANGE SEIKI
Unbranded