United States X - ray food inspection equipment Market Report 2017

January 2018 | 112 pages | ID: UE85750BE06EN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States X - ray food inspection equipment market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of X - ray food inspection equipment in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast).

United States X - ray food inspection equipment market competition by top manufacturers/players, with X - ray food inspection equipment sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• YXLON International
• Nikon Metrology
• Nordson
• GE Measurement & Control
• Anritsu Industrial Solutions
• North Star Imaging
• Ishida
• Mettler-Toledo International
• VJ Technologies
• Bosello High Technology
• Sesotec GmbH
• Aolong Group
• Loma
• DanDong Huari
• Shimadzu
• Thermo Fisher Scientific
• Dylog
• Meyer
• Minebea Intec
• Mesnac

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• No packaging product testing equipment
• Pakaged product testing equipment

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate for each application, including

• Confectionery and cereals industry
• Meat and sausage products
• Dairy products
• Canning industry
• Bakery products

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States X - ray food inspection equipment Market Report 2017

1 X - RAY FOOD INSPECTION EQUIPMENT OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of X - ray food inspection equipment
1.2 Classification of X - ray food inspection equipment by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)
  1.2.2 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
  1.2.3 No packaging product testing equipment
  1.2.4 Pakaged product testing equipment
1.3 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 Confectionery and cereals industry
  1.3.3 Meat and sausage products
  1.3.4 Dairy products
  1.3.5 Canning industry
  1.3.6 Bakery products
1.4 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 The West X - ray food inspection equipment Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 Southwest X - ray food inspection equipment Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic X - ray food inspection equipment Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 New England X - ray food inspection equipment Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 The South X - ray food inspection equipment Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 The Midwest X - ray food inspection equipment Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of X - ray food inspection equipment (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
  1.5.2 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 UNITED STATES X - RAY FOOD INSPECTION EQUIPMENT MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.2 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.3 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.4 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers X - ray food inspection equipment Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES X - RAY FOOD INSPECTION EQUIPMENT SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2012-2017)

3.1 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Price by Region (2012-2017)

4 UNITED STATES X - RAY FOOD INSPECTION EQUIPMENT SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2012-2017)

4.1 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)
4.2 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Price by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

5 UNITED STATES X - RAY FOOD INSPECTION EQUIPMENT SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2012-2017)

5.1 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
5.2 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES X - RAY FOOD INSPECTION EQUIPMENT PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 YXLON International
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 X - ray food inspection equipment Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 YXLON International X - ray food inspection equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Nikon Metrology
  6.2.2 X - ray food inspection equipment Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Nikon Metrology X - ray food inspection equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Nordson
  6.3.2 X - ray food inspection equipment Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Nordson X - ray food inspection equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 GE Measurement & Control
  6.4.2 X - ray food inspection equipment Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 GE Measurement & Control X - ray food inspection equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Anritsu Industrial Solutions
  6.5.2 X - ray food inspection equipment Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Anritsu Industrial Solutions X - ray food inspection equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 North Star Imaging
  6.6.2 X - ray food inspection equipment Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 North Star Imaging X - ray food inspection equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Ishida
  6.7.2 X - ray food inspection equipment Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Ishida X - ray food inspection equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Mettler-Toledo International
  6.8.2 X - ray food inspection equipment Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Mettler-Toledo International X - ray food inspection equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 VJ Technologies
  6.9.2 X - ray food inspection equipment Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 VJ Technologies X - ray food inspection equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Bosello High Technology
  6.10.2 X - ray food inspection equipment Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Bosello High Technology X - ray food inspection equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Sesotec GmbH
6.12 Aolong Group
6.13 Loma
6.14 DanDong Huari
6.15 Shimadzu
6.16 Thermo Fisher Scientific
6.17 Dylog
6.18 Meyer
6.19 Minebea Intec
6.20 Mesnac

7 X - RAY FOOD INSPECTION EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 X - ray food inspection equipment Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of X - ray food inspection equipment

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 X - ray food inspection equipment Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of X - ray food inspection equipment Major Manufacturers in 2016
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES X - RAY FOOD INSPECTION EQUIPMENT MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2017-2022)

11.1 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of X - ray food inspection equipment
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Market Size (K Units) by Type (2012-2022)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
Figure No packaging product testing equipment Product Picture
Figure Pakaged product testing equipment Product Picture
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Market Size (K Units) by Application (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of X - ray food inspection equipment by Application in 2016
Figure Confectionery and cereals industry Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Confectionery and cereals industry
Figure Meat and sausage products Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Meat and sausage products
Figure Dairy products Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Dairy products
Figure Canning industry Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Canning industry
Figure Bakery products Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Bakery products
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2012-2022)
Figure The West X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Middle Atlantic X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure New England X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The South of US X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Midwest X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Units) (2012-2017)
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales (K Units) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market X - ray food inspection equipment Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure United States Market X - ray food inspection equipment Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2016
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers X - ray food inspection equipment Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers X - ray food inspection equipment Product Category
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales (K Units) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales (K Units) by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Market Share by Type in 2016
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of X - ray food inspection equipment by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of X - ray food inspection equipment by Type in 2016
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales (K Units) by Application (2012-2017)
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Market Share by Application in 2016
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Table YXLON International Basic Information List
Table YXLON International X - ray food inspection equipment Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure YXLON International X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure YXLON International X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure YXLON International X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Nikon Metrology Basic Information List
Table Nikon Metrology X - ray food inspection equipment Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Nikon Metrology X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Nikon Metrology X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Nikon Metrology X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Nordson Basic Information List
Table Nordson X - ray food inspection equipment Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Nordson X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Nordson X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Nordson X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table GE Measurement & Control Basic Information List
Table GE Measurement & Control X - ray food inspection equipment Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure GE Measurement & Control X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure GE Measurement & Control X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure GE Measurement & Control X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Anritsu Industrial Solutions Basic Information List
Table Anritsu Industrial Solutions X - ray food inspection equipment Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Anritsu Industrial Solutions X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Anritsu Industrial Solutions X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Anritsu Industrial Solutions X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table North Star Imaging Basic Information List
Table North Star Imaging X - ray food inspection equipment Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure North Star Imaging X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure North Star Imaging X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure North Star Imaging X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Ishida Basic Information List
Table Ishida X - ray food inspection equipment Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Ishida X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Ishida X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Ishida X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Mettler-Toledo International Basic Information List
Table Mettler-Toledo International X - ray food inspection equipment Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Mettler-Toledo International X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Mettler-Toledo International X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Mettler-Toledo International X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table VJ Technologies Basic Information List
Table VJ Technologies X - ray food inspection equipment Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure VJ Technologies X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure VJ Technologies X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure VJ Technologies X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Bosello High Technology Basic Information List
Table Bosello High Technology X - ray food inspection equipment Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Bosello High Technology X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Bosello High Technology X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Bosello High Technology X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Sesotec GmbH Basic Information List
Table Aolong Group Basic Information List
Table Loma Basic Information List
Table DanDong Huari Basic Information List
Table Shimadzu Basic Information List
Table Thermo Fisher Scientific Basic Information List
Table Dylog Basic Information List
Table Meyer Basic Information List
Table Minebea Intec Basic Information List
Table Mesnac Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of X - ray food inspection equipment
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of X - ray food inspection equipment
Figure X - ray food inspection equipment Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of X - ray food inspection equipment Major Players/Suppliers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of X - ray food inspection equipment
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type in 2022
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application in 2022
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Table United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States X - ray food inspection equipment Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources