[email protected] +44 20 8123 2220 (UK) +1 732 587 5005 (US) Contact Us | FAQ |

United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Market Report 2017

October 2017 | 101 pages | ID: UCEEFC4DCE2EN
QYResearch

US$ 3,800.00

E-mail Delivery (PDF)

Download PDF Leaflet

Accepted cards
Wire Transfer
Checkout Later
Need Help? Ask a Question
In this report, the United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:
  • The West
  • Southwest
  • The Middle Atlantic
  • New England
  • The South
  • The Midwest
  • with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Stainless Steel Grinding Balls in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast).
United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Stainless Steel Grinding Balls sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including
  • Magotteaux
  • Scaw Metals Group
  • TOYO Grinding Ball
  • Longteng Special Steel
  • Jinan Xinte
  • Shandong Huamin
  • Dongyuan Steel Ball
  • Jinan Huafu
  • Jinchi Steel Ball
On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into
  • Forged Steel Grinding Balls
  • Cast Steel Grinding Balls
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Stainless Steel Grinding Balls for each application, including
  • Mining Industry
  • Thermal Power Plant
  • Cement Industry
  • Others
If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.
United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Market Report 2017

1 STAINLESS STEEL GRINDING BALLS OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Stainless Steel Grinding Balls
1.2 Classification of Stainless Steel Grinding Balls by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)
  1.2.2 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
  1.2.3 Forged Steel Grinding Balls
  1.2.4 Cast Steel Grinding Balls
1.3 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 Mining Industry
  1.3.3 Thermal Power Plant
  1.3.4 Cement Industry
  1.3.5 Others
1.4 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 The West Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 Southwest Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 New England Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 The South Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Stainless Steel Grinding Balls (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
  1.5.2 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 UNITED STATES STAINLESS STEEL GRINDING BALLS MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.2 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.3 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.4 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES STAINLESS STEEL GRINDING BALLS SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2012-2017)

3.1 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Price by Region (2012-2017)

4 UNITED STATES STAINLESS STEEL GRINDING BALLS SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2012-2017)

4.1 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)
4.2 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Price by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

5 UNITED STATES STAINLESS STEEL GRINDING BALLS SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2012-2017)

5.1 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
5.2 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES STAINLESS STEEL GRINDING BALLS PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 Magotteaux
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 Magotteaux Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Scaw Metals Group
  6.2.2 Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Scaw Metals Group Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 TOYO Grinding Ball
  6.3.2 Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 TOYO Grinding Ball Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Longteng Special Steel
  6.4.2 Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Longteng Special Steel Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Jinan Xinte
  6.5.2 Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Jinan Xinte Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Shandong Huamin
  6.6.2 Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 Shandong Huamin Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Dongyuan Steel Ball
  6.7.2 Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Dongyuan Steel Ball Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Jinan Huafu
  6.8.2 Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Jinan Huafu Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Jinchi Steel Ball
  6.9.2 Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Jinchi Steel Ball Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7 STAINLESS STEEL GRINDING BALLS MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Stainless Steel Grinding Balls

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Major Manufacturers in 2016
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES STAINLESS STEEL GRINDING BALLS MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2017-2022)

11.1 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Stainless Steel Grinding Balls
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Market Size (K Units) by Type (2012-2022)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
Figure Forged Steel Grinding Balls Product Picture
Figure Cast Steel Grinding Balls Product Picture
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Market Size (K Units) by Application (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Stainless Steel Grinding Balls by Application in 2016
Figure Mining Industry Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Mining Industry
Figure Thermal Power Plant Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Thermal Power Plant
Figure Cement Industry Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Cement Industry
Figure Others Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Others
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2012-2022)
Figure The West Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure New England Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The South of US Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Midwest Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Units) (2012-2017)
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales (K Units) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure United States Market Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2016
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Product Category
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales (K Units) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales (K Units) by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Market Share by Type in 2016
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Stainless Steel Grinding Balls by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Stainless Steel Grinding Balls by Type in 2016
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales (K Units) by Application (2012-2017)
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Market Share by Application in 2016
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Table Magotteaux Basic Information List
Table Magotteaux Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Magotteaux Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Magotteaux Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Magotteaux Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Scaw Metals Group Basic Information List
Table Scaw Metals Group Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Scaw Metals Group Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Scaw Metals Group Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Scaw Metals Group Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table TOYO Grinding Ball Basic Information List
Table TOYO Grinding Ball Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure TOYO Grinding Ball Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure TOYO Grinding Ball Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure TOYO Grinding Ball Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Longteng Special Steel Basic Information List
Table Longteng Special Steel Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Longteng Special Steel Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Longteng Special Steel Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Longteng Special Steel Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Jinan Xinte Basic Information List
Table Jinan Xinte Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Jinan Xinte Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Jinan Xinte Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Jinan Xinte Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Shandong Huamin Basic Information List
Table Shandong Huamin Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Shandong Huamin Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Shandong Huamin Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Shandong Huamin Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Dongyuan Steel Ball Basic Information List
Table Dongyuan Steel Ball Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Dongyuan Steel Ball Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Dongyuan Steel Ball Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Dongyuan Steel Ball Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Jinan Huafu Basic Information List
Table Jinan Huafu Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Jinan Huafu Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Jinan Huafu Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Jinan Huafu Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Jinchi Steel Ball Basic Information List
Table Jinchi Steel Ball Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Jinchi Steel Ball Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Jinchi Steel Ball Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Jinchi Steel Ball Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Stainless Steel Grinding Balls
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Stainless Steel Grinding Balls
Figure Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Major Players/Suppliers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Stainless Steel Grinding Balls
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type in 2022
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application in 2022
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Table United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Stainless Steel Grinding Balls Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources


More Publications