United States Sapphire Wafer Market Report 2017

October 2017 | 106 pages | ID: U7625CBD5EDPEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Sapphire Wafer market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Sapphire Wafer in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast).

United States Sapphire Wafer market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Sapphire Wafer sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• Crystal Applied Technology Inc.
• Crystalwise Technology Inc.
• DK Aztec Co. Ltd.
• Gavish
• Guangdong Saifei Sapphire Technology Co., Ltd.
• Guizhou Haotian Optoelectronics Technology Co. Ltd.
• Hansol Technics Co. Ltd.
• Hua Shun Technology Co., Ltd.
• ILJIN Display Co. Ltd.
• Jiangsu Jeshine New MateriaL Co.,Ltd.
• Kyocera Corporation
• Meller Optics, Inc.

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• A-Plane Sapphire Wafer
• C-Plane Sapphire Wafer
• R-Plane Sapphire Wafer

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Sapphire Wafer for each application, including

• LED
• Mobile Phones
• Others

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States Sapphire Wafer Market Report 2017

1 SAPPHIRE WAFER OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Sapphire Wafer
1.2 Classification of Sapphire Wafer by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Sapphire Wafer Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)
  1.2.2 United States Sapphire Wafer Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
  1.2.3 A-Plane Sapphire Wafer
  1.2.4 C-Plane Sapphire Wafer
  1.2.5 R-Plane Sapphire Wafer
1.3 United States Sapphire Wafer Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Sapphire Wafer Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 LED
  1.3.3 Mobile Phones
  1.3.4 Others
1.4 United States Sapphire Wafer Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Sapphire Wafer Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 The West Sapphire Wafer Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 Southwest Sapphire Wafer Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Sapphire Wafer Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 New England Sapphire Wafer Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 The South Sapphire Wafer Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Sapphire Wafer Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Sapphire Wafer (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 United States Sapphire Wafer Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
  1.5.2 United States Sapphire Wafer Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 UNITED STATES SAPPHIRE WAFER MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Sapphire Wafer Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.2 United States Sapphire Wafer Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.3 United States Sapphire Wafer Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.4 United States Sapphire Wafer Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Sapphire Wafer Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Sapphire Wafer Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Sapphire Wafer Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES SAPPHIRE WAFER SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2012-2017)

3.1 United States Sapphire Wafer Sales and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 United States Sapphire Wafer Revenue and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 United States Sapphire Wafer Price by Region (2012-2017)

4 UNITED STATES SAPPHIRE WAFER SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2012-2017)

4.1 United States Sapphire Wafer Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)
4.2 United States Sapphire Wafer Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 United States Sapphire Wafer Price by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

5 UNITED STATES SAPPHIRE WAFER SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2012-2017)

5.1 United States Sapphire Wafer Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
5.2 United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES SAPPHIRE WAFER PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 Crystal Applied Technology Inc.
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Sapphire Wafer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 Crystal Applied Technology Inc. Sapphire Wafer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Crystalwise Technology Inc.
  6.2.2 Sapphire Wafer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Crystalwise Technology Inc. Sapphire Wafer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 DK Aztec Co. Ltd.
  6.3.2 Sapphire Wafer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 DK Aztec Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Gavish
  6.4.2 Sapphire Wafer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Gavish Sapphire Wafer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Guangdong Saifei Sapphire Technology Co., Ltd.
  6.5.2 Sapphire Wafer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Guangdong Saifei Sapphire Technology Co., Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Guizhou Haotian Optoelectronics Technology Co. Ltd.
  6.6.2 Sapphire Wafer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 Guizhou Haotian Optoelectronics Technology Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Hansol Technics Co. Ltd.
  6.7.2 Sapphire Wafer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Hansol Technics Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Hua Shun Technology Co., Ltd.
  6.8.2 Sapphire Wafer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Hua Shun Technology Co., Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 ILJIN Display Co. Ltd.
  6.9.2 Sapphire Wafer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 ILJIN Display Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Jiangsu Jeshine New MateriaL Co.,Ltd.
  6.10.2 Sapphire Wafer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Jiangsu Jeshine New MateriaL Co.,Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Kyocera Corporation
6.12 Meller Optics, Inc.

7 SAPPHIRE WAFER MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Sapphire Wafer Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Sapphire Wafer

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Sapphire Wafer Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Sapphire Wafer Major Manufacturers in 2016
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES SAPPHIRE WAFER MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2017-2022)

11.1 United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Sapphire Wafer
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Market Size (K Units) by Type (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
Figure A-Plane Sapphire Wafer Product Picture
Figure C-Plane Sapphire Wafer Product Picture
Figure R-Plane Sapphire Wafer Product Picture
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Market Size (K Units) by Application (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Sapphire Wafer by Application in 2016
Figure LED Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in LED
Figure Mobile Phones Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Mobile Phones
Figure Others Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Others
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2012-2022)
Figure The West Sapphire Wafer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest Sapphire Wafer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Sapphire Wafer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure New England Sapphire Wafer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The South of US Sapphire Wafer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Midwest Sapphire Wafer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Units) (2012-2017)
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Sales (K Units) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Sapphire Wafer Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Sapphire Wafer Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Sapphire Wafer Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure United States Market Sapphire Wafer Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2016
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Sapphire Wafer Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Sapphire Wafer Product Category
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Sales (K Units) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Revenue Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Revenue Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Sales (K Units) by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Market Share by Type in 2016
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Sapphire Wafer by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Sapphire Wafer by Type in 2016
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Sales (K Units) by Application (2012-2017)
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Market Share by Application in 2016
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Table Crystal Applied Technology Inc. Basic Information List
Table Crystal Applied Technology Inc. Sapphire Wafer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Crystal Applied Technology Inc. Sapphire Wafer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Crystal Applied Technology Inc. Sapphire Wafer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Crystal Applied Technology Inc. Sapphire Wafer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Crystalwise Technology Inc. Basic Information List
Table Crystalwise Technology Inc. Sapphire Wafer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Crystalwise Technology Inc. Sapphire Wafer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Crystalwise Technology Inc. Sapphire Wafer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Crystalwise Technology Inc. Sapphire Wafer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table DK Aztec Co. Ltd. Basic Information List
Table DK Aztec Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure DK Aztec Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure DK Aztec Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure DK Aztec Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Gavish Basic Information List
Table Gavish Sapphire Wafer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Gavish Sapphire Wafer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Gavish Sapphire Wafer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Gavish Sapphire Wafer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Guangdong Saifei Sapphire Technology Co., Ltd. Basic Information List
Table Guangdong Saifei Sapphire Technology Co., Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Guangdong Saifei Sapphire Technology Co., Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Guangdong Saifei Sapphire Technology Co., Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Guangdong Saifei Sapphire Technology Co., Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Guizhou Haotian Optoelectronics Technology Co. Ltd. Basic Information List
Table Guizhou Haotian Optoelectronics Technology Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Guizhou Haotian Optoelectronics Technology Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Guizhou Haotian Optoelectronics Technology Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Guizhou Haotian Optoelectronics Technology Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Hansol Technics Co. Ltd. Basic Information List
Table Hansol Technics Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Hansol Technics Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Hansol Technics Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Hansol Technics Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Hua Shun Technology Co., Ltd. Basic Information List
Table Hua Shun Technology Co., Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Hua Shun Technology Co., Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Hua Shun Technology Co., Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Hua Shun Technology Co., Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table ILJIN Display Co. Ltd. Basic Information List
Table ILJIN Display Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure ILJIN Display Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure ILJIN Display Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure ILJIN Display Co. Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Jiangsu Jeshine New MateriaL Co.,Ltd. Basic Information List
Table Jiangsu Jeshine New MateriaL Co.,Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Jiangsu Jeshine New MateriaL Co.,Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Jiangsu Jeshine New MateriaL Co.,Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Jiangsu Jeshine New MateriaL Co.,Ltd. Sapphire Wafer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Kyocera Corporation Basic Information List
Table Meller Optics, Inc. Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Sapphire Wafer
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Sapphire Wafer
Figure Sapphire Wafer Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Sapphire Wafer Major Players/Suppliers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Sapphire Wafer
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type in 2022
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application in 2022
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Table United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Sapphire Wafer Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources