United States Membrane Pumps Market Report 2017

July 2017 | 107 pages | ID: U9A87E7A67FEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Membrane Pumps market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Membrane Pumps in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast).

United States Membrane Pumps market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Membrane Pumps sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• Flowserve Corp. (U.S.)
• Dover Corp. (U.S.)
• Grundfos Pumps Corp. (U.S.)
• Alltech Dosieranlagen GmbH (Germany)
• SPX Corporation (U.S.)
• Seepex GmbH (Germany)
• Blue-White Industries Ltd (U.S.)
• Verder International B.V. (Netherlands)
• Depamu Pumps Technology Co., Ltd. (China)
• Seko S.p.a (Italy)
• Shanghai Aoli Pump Manufacture Co., Ltd. (China)
• Namiki Precision Jewel Co., Ltd. (Japan)

On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue, product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Mechanical
• Hydraulic
• Solenoid
• Air

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Membrane Pumps for each application, including

• Water and Wastewater
• Oil and Gas
• Food and Beverages
• Chemicals
• Pharmaceuticals
• Others

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States Membrane Pumps Market Report 2017

1 MEMBRANE PUMPS OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Membrane Pumps
1.2 Classification of Membrane Pumps by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Membrane Pumps Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)
  1.2.2 United States Membrane Pumps Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
  1.2.3 Mechanical
  1.2.4 Hydraulic
  1.2.5 Solenoid
  1.2.6 Air
1.3 United States Membrane Pumps Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Membrane Pumps Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 Water and Wastewater
  1.3.3 Oil and Gas
  1.3.4 Food and Beverages
  1.3.5 Chemicals
  1.3.6 Pharmaceuticals
  1.3.7 Others
1.4 United States Membrane Pumps Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Membrane Pumps Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 The West Membrane Pumps Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 Southwest Membrane Pumps Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Membrane Pumps Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 New England Membrane Pumps Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 The South Membrane Pumps Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Membrane Pumps Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Membrane Pumps (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 United States Membrane Pumps Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
  1.5.2 United States Membrane Pumps Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 UNITED STATES MEMBRANE PUMPS MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Membrane Pumps Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.2 United States Membrane Pumps Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.3 United States Membrane Pumps Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.4 United States Membrane Pumps Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Membrane Pumps Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Membrane Pumps Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Membrane Pumps Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES MEMBRANE PUMPS SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2012-2017)

3.1 United States Membrane Pumps Sales and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 United States Membrane Pumps Revenue and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 United States Membrane Pumps Price by Region (2012-2017)

4 UNITED STATES MEMBRANE PUMPS SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2012-2017)

4.1 United States Membrane Pumps Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)
4.2 United States Membrane Pumps Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 United States Membrane Pumps Price by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 United States Membrane Pumps Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

5 UNITED STATES MEMBRANE PUMPS SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2012-2017)

5.1 United States Membrane Pumps Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
5.2 United States Membrane Pumps Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES MEMBRANE PUMPS PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 Flowserve Corp. (U.S.)
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Membrane Pumps Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 Flowserve Corp. (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Dover Corp. (U.S.)
  6.2.2 Membrane Pumps Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Dover Corp. (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Grundfos Pumps Corp. (U.S.)
  6.3.2 Membrane Pumps Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Grundfos Pumps Corp. (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Alltech Dosieranlagen GmbH (Germany)
  6.4.2 Membrane Pumps Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Alltech Dosieranlagen GmbH (Germany) Membrane Pumps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 SPX Corporation (U.S.)
  6.5.2 Membrane Pumps Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 SPX Corporation (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Seepex GmbH (Germany)
  6.6.2 Membrane Pumps Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 Seepex GmbH (Germany) Membrane Pumps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Blue-White Industries Ltd (U.S.)
  6.7.2 Membrane Pumps Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Blue-White Industries Ltd (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Verder International B.V. (Netherlands)
  6.8.2 Membrane Pumps Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Verder International B.V. (Netherlands) Membrane Pumps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Depamu Pumps Technology Co., Ltd. (China)
  6.9.2 Membrane Pumps Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Depamu Pumps Technology Co., Ltd. (China) Membrane Pumps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Seko S.p.a (Italy)
  6.10.2 Membrane Pumps Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Seko S.p.a (Italy) Membrane Pumps Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Shanghai Aoli Pump Manufacture Co., Ltd. (China)
6.12 Namiki Precision Jewel Co., Ltd. (Japan)

7 MEMBRANE PUMPS MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Membrane Pumps Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Membrane Pumps

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Membrane Pumps Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Membrane Pumps Major Manufacturers in 2016
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES MEMBRANE PUMPS MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2017-2022)

11.1 United States Membrane Pumps Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 United States Membrane Pumps Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 United States Membrane Pumps Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 United States Membrane Pumps Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer

The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Membrane Pumps
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Market Size (K Units) by Type (2012-2022)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
Figure Mechanical Product Picture
Figure Hydraulic Product Picture
Figure Solenoid Product Picture
Figure Air Product Picture
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Market Size (K Units) by Application (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Membrane Pumps by Application in 2016
Figure Water and Wastewater Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Water and Wastewater
Figure Oil and Gas Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Oil and Gas
Figure Food and Beverages Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Food and Beverages
Figure Chemicals Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Chemicals
Figure Pharmaceuticals Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Pharmaceuticals
Figure Others Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Others
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2012-2022)
Figure The West Membrane Pumps Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest Membrane Pumps Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Membrane Pumps Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure New England Membrane Pumps Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The South of US Membrane Pumps Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Midwest Membrane Pumps Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Units) (2012-2017)
Table United States Membrane Pumps Sales (K Units) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Membrane Pumps Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Membrane Pumps Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Membrane Pumps Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)
Table United States Membrane Pumps Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Membrane Pumps Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Membrane Pumps Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Membrane Pumps Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Membrane Pumps Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure United States Market Membrane Pumps Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2016
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Membrane Pumps Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Membrane Pumps Product Category
Table United States Membrane Pumps Sales (K Units) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Membrane Pumps Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Sales Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Membrane Pumps Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Membrane Pumps Revenue Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Revenue Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Membrane Pumps Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Membrane Pumps Sales (K Units) by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Membrane Pumps Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Sales Market Share by Type in 2016
Table United States Membrane Pumps Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Membrane Pumps Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Membrane Pumps by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Membrane Pumps by Type in 2016
Table United States Membrane Pumps Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Membrane Pumps Sales (K Units) by Application (2012-2017)
Table United States Membrane Pumps Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Sales Market Share by Application in 2016
Table United States Membrane Pumps Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Table Flowserve Corp. (U.S.) Basic Information List
Table Flowserve Corp. (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Flowserve Corp. (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Flowserve Corp. (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Flowserve Corp. (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Dover Corp. (U.S.) Basic Information List
Table Dover Corp. (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Dover Corp. (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Dover Corp. (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Dover Corp. (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Grundfos Pumps Corp. (U.S.) Basic Information List
Table Grundfos Pumps Corp. (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Grundfos Pumps Corp. (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Grundfos Pumps Corp. (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Grundfos Pumps Corp. (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Alltech Dosieranlagen GmbH (Germany) Basic Information List
Table Alltech Dosieranlagen GmbH (Germany) Membrane Pumps Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Alltech Dosieranlagen GmbH (Germany) Membrane Pumps Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Alltech Dosieranlagen GmbH (Germany) Membrane Pumps Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Alltech Dosieranlagen GmbH (Germany) Membrane Pumps Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table SPX Corporation (U.S.) Basic Information List
Table SPX Corporation (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure SPX Corporation (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure SPX Corporation (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure SPX Corporation (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Seepex GmbH (Germany) Basic Information List
Table Seepex GmbH (Germany) Membrane Pumps Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Seepex GmbH (Germany) Membrane Pumps Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Seepex GmbH (Germany) Membrane Pumps Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Seepex GmbH (Germany) Membrane Pumps Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Blue-White Industries Ltd (U.S.) Basic Information List
Table Blue-White Industries Ltd (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Blue-White Industries Ltd (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Blue-White Industries Ltd (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Blue-White Industries Ltd (U.S.) Membrane Pumps Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Verder International B.V. (Netherlands) Basic Information List
Table Verder International B.V. (Netherlands) Membrane Pumps Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Verder International B.V. (Netherlands) Membrane Pumps Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Verder International B.V. (Netherlands) Membrane Pumps Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Verder International B.V. (Netherlands) Membrane Pumps Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Depamu Pumps Technology Co., Ltd. (China) Basic Information List
Table Depamu Pumps Technology Co., Ltd. (China) Membrane Pumps Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Depamu Pumps Technology Co., Ltd. (China) Membrane Pumps Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Depamu Pumps Technology Co., Ltd. (China) Membrane Pumps Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Depamu Pumps Technology Co., Ltd. (China) Membrane Pumps Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Seko S.p.a (Italy) Basic Information List
Table Seko S.p.a (Italy) Membrane Pumps Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Seko S.p.a (Italy) Membrane Pumps Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Seko S.p.a (Italy) Membrane Pumps Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Seko S.p.a (Italy) Membrane Pumps Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Shanghai Aoli Pump Manufacture Co., Ltd. (China) Basic Information List
Table Namiki Precision Jewel Co., Ltd. (Japan) Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Membrane Pumps
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Membrane Pumps
Figure Membrane Pumps Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Membrane Pumps Major Players/Suppliers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Membrane Pumps
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Sales Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table United States Membrane Pumps Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type in 2022
Table United States Membrane Pumps Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application in 2022
Table United States Membrane Pumps Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Table United States Membrane Pumps Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Membrane Pumps Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources