United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Market Report 2018

February 2018 | 105 pages | ID: UF910679105EN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Industrial Fans and Blowers market is valued at USD XX million in 2017 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2017 and 2025.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Industrial Fans and Blowers in these regions, from 2013 to 2025 (forecast).

United States Industrial Fans and Blowers market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Industrial Fans and Blowers sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• ebm-papst
• Flakt Woods Group
• Greenheck Fan
• Howden Group
• Acme Engineering & Manufacturing
• Air King America
• Continental Blower
• CG Power and Industrial Solutions Limited
• DongKun Industrial
• Gardner Denver
• Hurner-Funken
• LOREN COOK COMPANY
• Nidec
• Wuhan General Group

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Centrifugal Fans and Blowers
• Axial Fans and Blowers

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate for each application, including

• Chemical Industry
• Cement Industry
• Wastewater Treatment Industry
• Steel Industry

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Market Report 2018

1 INDUSTRIAL FANS AND BLOWERS OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Industrial Fans and Blowers
1.2 Classification of Industrial Fans and Blowers by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2013-2025)
  1.2.2 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017
  1.2.3 Centrifugal Fans and Blowers
  1.2.4 Axial Fans and Blowers
1.3 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2013-2025)
  1.3.2 Chemical Industry
  1.3.3 Cement Industry
  1.3.4 Wastewater Treatment Industry
  1.3.5 Steel Industry
1.4 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2013-2025)
  1.4.2 The West Industrial Fans and Blowers Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.3 Southwest Industrial Fans and Blowers Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Industrial Fans and Blowers Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.5 New England Industrial Fans and Blowers Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.6 The South Industrial Fans and Blowers Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Industrial Fans and Blowers Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Industrial Fans and Blowers (2013-2025)
  1.5.1 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
  1.5.2 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

2 UNITED STATES INDUSTRIAL FANS AND BLOWERS MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.2 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.3 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.4 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Industrial Fans and Blowers Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES INDUSTRIAL FANS AND BLOWERS SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2013-2018)

3.1 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.2 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.3 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Price by Region (2013-2018)

4 UNITED STATES INDUSTRIAL FANS AND BLOWERS SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2013-2018)

4.1 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2013-2018)
4.2 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
4.3 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Price by Type (2013-2018)
4.4 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018)

5 UNITED STATES INDUSTRIAL FANS AND BLOWERS SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2013-2018)

5.1 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
5.2 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES INDUSTRIAL FANS AND BLOWERS PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 ebm-papst
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Industrial Fans and Blowers Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 ebm-papst Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Flakt Woods Group
  6.2.2 Industrial Fans and Blowers Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Flakt Woods Group Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Greenheck Fan
  6.3.2 Industrial Fans and Blowers Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Greenheck Fan Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Howden Group
  6.4.2 Industrial Fans and Blowers Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Howden Group Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Acme Engineering & Manufacturing
  6.5.2 Industrial Fans and Blowers Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Acme Engineering & Manufacturing Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Air King America
  6.6.2 Industrial Fans and Blowers Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 Air King America Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Continental Blower
  6.7.2 Industrial Fans and Blowers Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Continental Blower Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 CG Power and Industrial Solutions Limited
  6.8.2 Industrial Fans and Blowers Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 CG Power and Industrial Solutions Limited Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 DongKun Industrial
  6.9.2 Industrial Fans and Blowers Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 DongKun Industrial Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Gardner Denver
  6.10.2 Industrial Fans and Blowers Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Gardner Denver Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Hurner-Funken
6.12 LOREN COOK COMPANY
6.13 Nidec
6.14 Wuhan General Group

7 INDUSTRIAL FANS AND BLOWERS MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Industrial Fans and Blowers Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Industrial Fans and Blowers

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Industrial Fans and Blowers Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Industrial Fans and Blowers Major Manufacturers in 2017
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES INDUSTRIAL FANS AND BLOWERS MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2018-2025)

11.1 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2018-2025)
11.2 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
11.3 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
11.4 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer

The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Industrial Fans and Blowers
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Market Size (K Units) by Type (2013-2025)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017
Figure Centrifugal Fans and Blowers Product Picture
Figure Axial Fans and Blowers Product Picture
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Market Size (K Units) by Application (2013-2025)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Industrial Fans and Blowers by Application in 2017
Figure Chemical Industry Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Chemical Industry
Figure Cement Industry Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Cement Industry
Figure Wastewater Treatment Industry Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Wastewater Treatment Industry
Figure Steel Industry Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Steel Industry
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2013-2025)
Figure The West Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Southwest Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure New England Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The South of US Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The Midwest Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Units) (2013-2018)
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales (K Units) of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2013-2018)
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Industrial Fans and Blowers Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure United States Market Industrial Fans and Blowers Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2017
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Industrial Fans and Blowers Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Industrial Fans and Blowers Product Category
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales (K Units) by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Market Share by Region in 2017
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue Market Share by Region in 2017
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales (K Units) by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Market Share by Type in 2017
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Industrial Fans and Blowers by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Industrial Fans and Blowers by Type in 2017
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2013-2018)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales (K Units) by Application (2013-2018)
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Market Share by Application in 2017
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Table ebm-papst Basic Information List
Table ebm-papst Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure ebm-papst Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure ebm-papst Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure ebm-papst Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Flakt Woods Group Basic Information List
Table Flakt Woods Group Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Flakt Woods Group Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Flakt Woods Group Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Flakt Woods Group Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Greenheck Fan Basic Information List
Table Greenheck Fan Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Greenheck Fan Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Greenheck Fan Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Greenheck Fan Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Howden Group Basic Information List
Table Howden Group Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Howden Group Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Howden Group Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Howden Group Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Acme Engineering & Manufacturing Basic Information List
Table Acme Engineering & Manufacturing Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Acme Engineering & Manufacturing Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Acme Engineering & Manufacturing Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Acme Engineering & Manufacturing Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Air King America Basic Information List
Table Air King America Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Air King America Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Air King America Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Air King America Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Continental Blower Basic Information List
Table Continental Blower Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Continental Blower Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Continental Blower Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Continental Blower Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table CG Power and Industrial Solutions Limited Basic Information List
Table CG Power and Industrial Solutions Limited Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure CG Power and Industrial Solutions Limited Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure CG Power and Industrial Solutions Limited Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure CG Power and Industrial Solutions Limited Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table DongKun Industrial Basic Information List
Table DongKun Industrial Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure DongKun Industrial Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure DongKun Industrial Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure DongKun Industrial Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Gardner Denver Basic Information List
Table Gardner Denver Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Gardner Denver Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Gardner Denver Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Gardner Denver Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Hurner-Funken Basic Information List
Table LOREN COOK COMPANY Basic Information List
Table Nidec Basic Information List
Table Wuhan General Group Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Industrial Fans and Blowers
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Industrial Fans and Blowers
Figure Industrial Fans and Blowers Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Industrial Fans and Blowers Major Players/Suppliers in 2017
Table Major Buyers of Industrial Fans and Blowers
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2018-2025)
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type in 2025
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application in 2025
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Table United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Figure United States Industrial Fans and Blowers Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2025
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources