United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Market Report 2018

June 2018 | 112 pages | ID: U5DC5AC6DA8EN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots market is valued at USD XX million in 2017 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2017 and 2025.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Gantry/Cartesian Robots in these regions, from 2013 to 2025 (forecast).

United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Gantry/Cartesian Robots sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• Gudel
• IAI
• Parker
• Fibro
• BAHR
• Bosch rexroth
• Promot Automation
• Martin Lord Robot & Precise
• YAMAHA robotics
• MOTEC
• Ston Robots
• Qingdao Leading

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• XY-X Series
• 2X-Y-Z Series
• 2X-2Y-Z Series

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate for each application, including

• Picking and Placing
• Loading & Unloading Workpiece
• Palleting & Handling
• Automation Production Line
• Small Parts Assembly
• Fatigue Test

Contents

United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Market Report 2018

1 GANTRY/CARTESIAN ROBOTS OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Gantry/Cartesian Robots
1.2 Classification of Gantry/Cartesian Robots by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2013-2025)
  1.2.2 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017
  1.2.3 XY-X Series
  1.2.4 2X-Y-Z Series
  1.2.5 2X-2Y-Z Series
1.3 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2013-2025)
  1.3.2 Picking and Placing
  1.3.3 Loading & Unloading Workpiece
  1.3.4 Palleting & Handling
  1.3.5 Automation Production Line
  1.3.6 Small Parts Assembly
  1.3.7 Fatigue Test
1.4 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2013-2025)
  1.4.2 The West Gantry/Cartesian Robots Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.3 Southwest Gantry/Cartesian Robots Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Gantry/Cartesian Robots Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.5 New England Gantry/Cartesian Robots Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.6 The South Gantry/Cartesian Robots Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Gantry/Cartesian Robots Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Gantry/Cartesian Robots (2013-2025)
  1.5.1 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
  1.5.2 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

2 UNITED STATES GANTRY/CARTESIAN ROBOTS MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.2 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.3 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.4 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Gantry/Cartesian Robots Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES GANTRY/CARTESIAN ROBOTS SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2013-2018)

3.1 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.2 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.3 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Price by Region (2013-2018)

4 UNITED STATES GANTRY/CARTESIAN ROBOTS SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2013-2018)

4.1 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2013-2018)
4.2 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
4.3 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Price by Type (2013-2018)
4.4 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018)

5 UNITED STATES GANTRY/CARTESIAN ROBOTS SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2013-2018)

5.1 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
5.2 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES GANTRY/CARTESIAN ROBOTS PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 Gudel
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Gantry/Cartesian Robots Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 Gudel Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 IAI
  6.2.2 Gantry/Cartesian Robots Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 IAI Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Parker
  6.3.2 Gantry/Cartesian Robots Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Parker Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Fibro
  6.4.2 Gantry/Cartesian Robots Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Fibro Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 BAHR
  6.5.2 Gantry/Cartesian Robots Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 BAHR Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Bosch rexroth
  6.6.2 Gantry/Cartesian Robots Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 Bosch rexroth Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Promot Automation
  6.7.2 Gantry/Cartesian Robots Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Promot Automation Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Martin Lord Robot & Precise
  6.8.2 Gantry/Cartesian Robots Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Martin Lord Robot & Precise Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 YAMAHA robotics
  6.9.2 Gantry/Cartesian Robots Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 YAMAHA robotics Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 MOTEC
  6.10.2 Gantry/Cartesian Robots Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 MOTEC Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Ston Robots
6.12 Qingdao Leading

7 GANTRY/CARTESIAN ROBOTS MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Gantry/Cartesian Robots Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Gantry/Cartesian Robots

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Gantry/Cartesian Robots Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Gantry/Cartesian Robots Major Manufacturers in 2017
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES GANTRY/CARTESIAN ROBOTS MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2018-2025)

11.1 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2018-2025)
11.2 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
11.3 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
11.4 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer

The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Gantry/Cartesian Robots
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Market Size (Set) by Type (2013-2025)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017
Figure XY-X Series Product Picture
Figure 2X-Y-Z Series Product Picture
Figure 2X-2Y-Z Series Product Picture
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Market Size (Set) by Application (2013-2025)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Gantry/Cartesian Robots by Application in 2017
Figure Picking and Placing Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Picking and Placing
Figure Loading & Unloading Workpiece Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Loading & Unloading Workpiece
Figure Palleting & Handling Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Palleting & Handling
Figure Automation Production Line Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Automation Production Line
Figure Small Parts Assembly Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Small Parts Assembly
Figure Fatigue Test Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Fatigue Test
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2013-2025)
Figure The West Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Southwest Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure New England Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The South of US Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The Midwest Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales (Set) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (Set) (2013-2018)
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales (Set) of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2013-2018)
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Gantry/Cartesian Robots Average Price (USD/Set) of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure United States Market Gantry/Cartesian Robots Average Price (USD/Set) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2017
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Gantry/Cartesian Robots Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Gantry/Cartesian Robots Product Category
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales (Set) by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Market Share by Region in 2017
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue Market Share by Region in 2017
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Price (USD/Set) by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales (Set) by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Market Share by Type in 2017
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Gantry/Cartesian Robots by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Gantry/Cartesian Robots by Type in 2017
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Price (USD/Set) by Types (2013-2018)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales (Set) by Application (2013-2018)
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Market Share by Application in 2017
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Table Gudel Basic Information List
Table Gudel Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales (Set), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Set) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Gudel Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Gudel Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Gudel Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table IAI Basic Information List
Table IAI Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales (Set), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Set) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure IAI Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure IAI Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure IAI Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Parker Basic Information List
Table Parker Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales (Set), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Set) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Parker Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Parker Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Parker Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Fibro Basic Information List
Table Fibro Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales (Set), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Set) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Fibro Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Fibro Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Fibro Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table BAHR Basic Information List
Table BAHR Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales (Set), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Set) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure BAHR Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure BAHR Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure BAHR Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Bosch rexroth Basic Information List
Table Bosch rexroth Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales (Set), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Set) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Bosch rexroth Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Bosch rexroth Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Bosch rexroth Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Promot Automation Basic Information List
Table Promot Automation Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales (Set), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Set) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Promot Automation Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Promot Automation Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Promot Automation Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Martin Lord Robot & Precise Basic Information List
Table Martin Lord Robot & Precise Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales (Set), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Set) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Martin Lord Robot & Precise Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Martin Lord Robot & Precise Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Martin Lord Robot & Precise Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table YAMAHA robotics Basic Information List
Table YAMAHA robotics Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales (Set), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Set) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure YAMAHA robotics Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure YAMAHA robotics Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure YAMAHA robotics Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table MOTEC Basic Information List
Table MOTEC Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales (Set), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Set) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure MOTEC Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure MOTEC Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure MOTEC Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Ston Robots Basic Information List
Table Qingdao Leading Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Gantry/Cartesian Robots
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Gantry/Cartesian Robots
Figure Gantry/Cartesian Robots Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Gantry/Cartesian Robots Major Players/Suppliers in 2017
Table Major Buyers of Gantry/Cartesian Robots
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Volume (Set) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Price (USD/Set) Trend Forecast (2018-2025)
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Volume (Set) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Volume (Set) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Volume (Set) Forecast by Type in 2025
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Volume (Set) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Volume (Set) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Volume (Set) Forecast by Application in 2025
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Volume (Set) Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Table United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Figure United States Gantry/Cartesian Robots Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2025
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources