United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Market Report 2017

December 2017 | 109 pages | ID: UBCB693A6FDEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Galvanized Steel Wire Strand in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast).

United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Galvanized Steel Wire Strand sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• Davis
• Artsons
• Seal Wire
• TianZe
• King Steel Corporation
• HF-WIRE
• TianYang
• Yicheng
• Hongli
• Antong
• Zhida
• Yili
• Shanxi Broadwire
• Hua Yuan

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• By Section Structure
• 1X3
• 1X7
• 1X19
• By Galvanized Ways
• Galvanized Steel Wire Strand
• Hot-dip Galvanized Steel Wire Strand

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate for each application, including

• Power Cable
• Bridge
• Others

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Market Report 2017

1 GALVANIZED STEEL WIRE STRAND OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Galvanized Steel Wire Strand
1.2 Classification of Galvanized Steel Wire Strand by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)
  1.2.2 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
  1.2.3 1X3
  1.2.4 1X7
  1.2.5 1X19
1.3 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 Power Cable
  1.3.3 Bridge
  1.3.4 Others
1.4 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 The West Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 Southwest Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 New England Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 The South Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Galvanized Steel Wire Strand (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
  1.5.2 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 UNITED STATES GALVANIZED STEEL WIRE STRAND MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.2 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.3 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.4 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES GALVANIZED STEEL WIRE STRAND SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2012-2017)

3.1 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Price by Region (2012-2017)

4 UNITED STATES GALVANIZED STEEL WIRE STRAND SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2012-2017)

4.1 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)
4.2 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Price by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

5 UNITED STATES GALVANIZED STEEL WIRE STRAND SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2012-2017)

5.1 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
5.2 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES GALVANIZED STEEL WIRE STRAND PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 Davis
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 Davis Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Artsons
  6.2.2 Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Artsons Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Seal Wire
  6.3.2 Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Seal Wire Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 TianZe
  6.4.2 Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 TianZe Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 King Steel Corporation
  6.5.2 Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 King Steel Corporation Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 HF-WIRE
  6.6.2 Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 HF-WIRE Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 TianYang
  6.7.2 Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 TianYang Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Yicheng
  6.8.2 Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Yicheng Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Hongli
  6.9.2 Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Hongli Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Antong
  6.10.2 Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Antong Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Zhida
6.12 Yili
6.13 Shanxi Broadwire
6.14 Hua Yuan

7 GALVANIZED STEEL WIRE STRAND MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Galvanized Steel Wire Strand

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Major Manufacturers in 2016
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES GALVANIZED STEEL WIRE STRAND MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2017-2022)

11.1 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Galvanized Steel Wire Strand
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Market Size (K Meters) by Type (2012-2022)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
Figure 1X3 Product Picture
Figure 1X7 Product Picture
Figure 1X19 Product Picture
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Market Size (K Meters) by Application (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Galvanized Steel Wire Strand by Application in 2016
Figure Power Cable Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Power Cable
Figure Bridge Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Bridge
Figure Others Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Others
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2012-2022)
Figure The West Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure New England Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The South of US Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Midwest Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales (K Meters) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Meters) (2012-2017)
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales (K Meters) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Average Price (USD/Meter) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure United States Market Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Average Price (USD/Meter) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2016
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Product Category
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales (K Meters) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Price (USD/Meter) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales (K Meters) by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Market Share by Type in 2016
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Galvanized Steel Wire Strand by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Galvanized Steel Wire Strand by Type in 2016
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Price (USD/Meter) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales (K Meters) by Application (2012-2017)
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Market Share by Application in 2016
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Table Davis Basic Information List
Table Davis Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales (K Meters), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Meter) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Davis Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Davis Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Davis Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Artsons Basic Information List
Table Artsons Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales (K Meters), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Meter) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Artsons Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Artsons Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Artsons Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Seal Wire Basic Information List
Table Seal Wire Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales (K Meters), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Meter) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Seal Wire Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Seal Wire Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Seal Wire Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table TianZe Basic Information List
Table TianZe Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales (K Meters), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Meter) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure TianZe Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure TianZe Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure TianZe Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table King Steel Corporation Basic Information List
Table King Steel Corporation Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales (K Meters), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Meter) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure King Steel Corporation Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure King Steel Corporation Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure King Steel Corporation Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table HF-WIRE Basic Information List
Table HF-WIRE Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales (K Meters), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Meter) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure HF-WIRE Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure HF-WIRE Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure HF-WIRE Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table TianYang Basic Information List
Table TianYang Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales (K Meters), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Meter) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure TianYang Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure TianYang Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure TianYang Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Yicheng Basic Information List
Table Yicheng Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales (K Meters), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Meter) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Yicheng Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Yicheng Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Yicheng Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Hongli Basic Information List
Table Hongli Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales (K Meters), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Meter) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Hongli Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Hongli Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Hongli Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Antong Basic Information List
Table Antong Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales (K Meters), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Meter) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Antong Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Antong Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Antong Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Zhida Basic Information List
Table Yili Basic Information List
Table Shanxi Broadwire Basic Information List
Table Hua Yuan Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Galvanized Steel Wire Strand
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Galvanized Steel Wire Strand
Figure Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Major Players/Suppliers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Galvanized Steel Wire Strand
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Volume (K Meters) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Price (USD/Meter) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Volume (K Meters) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Volume (K Meters) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Volume (K Meters) Forecast by Type in 2022
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Volume (K Meters) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Volume (K Meters) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Volume (K Meters) Forecast by Application in 2022
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Volume (K Meters) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Table United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Galvanized Steel Wire Strand Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources