United States Electric Power Substation Automation Market Report 2017

December 2017 | 110 pages | ID: U24A470D57CEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Electric Power Substation Automation market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Electric Power Substation Automation in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast).

United States Electric Power Substation Automation market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Electric Power Substation Automation sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• ABB Ltd. (Switzerland)
• Schneider Electric (France)
• Siemens AG (Germany)
• Amperion (U.S.)
• General Electric (U.S.)
• Alstom S.A.
• Ingeteam (Spain)
• Cisco Systems (U.S.)
• Eaton Corporation (Ireland)
• Schweitzer Engg Lab (U.S.)
• Alstom S.A. (France)

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• By Module
• SCADA
• Hardware
• Communication Network Technology
• By Automation Stage
• Retrofit
• New Construction Automation Stage
• By Product Type
• Transmission
• Distribution
• Collector Substation

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate for each application, including

• Utilities
• Industry

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States Electric Power Substation Automation Market Report 2017

1 ELECTRIC POWER SUBSTATION AUTOMATION OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Electric Power Substation Automation
1.2 Classification of Electric Power Substation Automation by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)
  1.2.2 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
  1.2.3 SCADA
  1.2.4 Hardware
  1.2.5 Communication Network Technology
1.3 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 Utilities
  1.3.3 Industry
1.4 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 The West Electric Power Substation Automation Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 Southwest Electric Power Substation Automation Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Electric Power Substation Automation Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 New England Electric Power Substation Automation Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 The South Electric Power Substation Automation Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Electric Power Substation Automation Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Electric Power Substation Automation (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
  1.5.2 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 UNITED STATES ELECTRIC POWER SUBSTATION AUTOMATION MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.2 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.3 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.4 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Electric Power Substation Automation Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES ELECTRIC POWER SUBSTATION AUTOMATION SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2012-2017)

3.1 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Price by Region (2012-2017)

4 UNITED STATES ELECTRIC POWER SUBSTATION AUTOMATION SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2012-2017)

4.1 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)
4.2 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Price by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

5 UNITED STATES ELECTRIC POWER SUBSTATION AUTOMATION SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2012-2017)

5.1 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
5.2 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES ELECTRIC POWER SUBSTATION AUTOMATION PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 ABB Ltd. (Switzerland)
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Electric Power Substation Automation Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 ABB Ltd. (Switzerland) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Schneider Electric (France)
  6.2.2 Electric Power Substation Automation Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Schneider Electric (France) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Siemens AG (Germany)
  6.3.2 Electric Power Substation Automation Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Siemens AG (Germany) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Amperion (U.S.)
  6.4.2 Electric Power Substation Automation Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Amperion (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 General Electric (U.S.)
  6.5.2 Electric Power Substation Automation Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 General Electric (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Alstom S.A.
  6.6.2 Electric Power Substation Automation Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 Alstom S.A. Electric Power Substation Automation Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Ingeteam (Spain)
  6.7.2 Electric Power Substation Automation Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Ingeteam (Spain) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Cisco Systems (U.S.)
  6.8.2 Electric Power Substation Automation Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Cisco Systems (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Eaton Corporation (Ireland)
  6.9.2 Electric Power Substation Automation Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Eaton Corporation (Ireland) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Schweitzer Engg Lab (U.S.)
  6.10.2 Electric Power Substation Automation Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Schweitzer Engg Lab (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Alstom S.A. (France)

7 ELECTRIC POWER SUBSTATION AUTOMATION MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Electric Power Substation Automation Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Electric Power Substation Automation

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Electric Power Substation Automation Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Electric Power Substation Automation Major Manufacturers in 2016
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES ELECTRIC POWER SUBSTATION AUTOMATION MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2017-2022)

11.1 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Electric Power Substation Automation
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Market Size (K Pcs) by Type (2012-2022)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
Figure SCADA Product Picture
Figure Hardware Product Picture
Figure Communication Network Technology Product Picture
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Market Size (K Pcs) by Application (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Electric Power Substation Automation by Application in 2016
Figure Utilities Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Utilities
Figure Industry Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Industry
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2012-2022)
Figure The West Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure New England Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The South of US Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Midwest Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales (K Pcs) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Pcs) (2012-2017)
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales (K Pcs) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Electric Power Substation Automation Average Price (USD/Pcs) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure United States Market Electric Power Substation Automation Average Price (USD/Pcs) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2016
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Electric Power Substation Automation Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Electric Power Substation Automation Product Category
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales (K Pcs) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Price (USD/Pcs) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales (K Pcs) by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Market Share by Type in 2016
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Electric Power Substation Automation by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Electric Power Substation Automation by Type in 2016
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Price (USD/Pcs) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales (K Pcs) by Application (2012-2017)
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Market Share by Application in 2016
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Table ABB Ltd. (Switzerland) Basic Information List
Table ABB Ltd. (Switzerland) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure ABB Ltd. (Switzerland) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure ABB Ltd. (Switzerland) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure ABB Ltd. (Switzerland) Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Schneider Electric (France) Basic Information List
Table Schneider Electric (France) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Schneider Electric (France) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Schneider Electric (France) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Schneider Electric (France) Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Siemens AG (Germany) Basic Information List
Table Siemens AG (Germany) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Siemens AG (Germany) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Siemens AG (Germany) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Siemens AG (Germany) Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Amperion (U.S.) Basic Information List
Table Amperion (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Amperion (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Amperion (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Amperion (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table General Electric (U.S.) Basic Information List
Table General Electric (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure General Electric (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure General Electric (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure General Electric (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Alstom S.A. Basic Information List
Table Alstom S.A. Electric Power Substation Automation Sales (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Alstom S.A. Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Alstom S.A. Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Alstom S.A. Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Ingeteam (Spain) Basic Information List
Table Ingeteam (Spain) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Ingeteam (Spain) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Ingeteam (Spain) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Ingeteam (Spain) Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Cisco Systems (U.S.) Basic Information List
Table Cisco Systems (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Cisco Systems (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Cisco Systems (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Cisco Systems (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Eaton Corporation (Ireland) Basic Information List
Table Eaton Corporation (Ireland) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Eaton Corporation (Ireland) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Eaton Corporation (Ireland) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Eaton Corporation (Ireland) Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Schweitzer Engg Lab (U.S.) Basic Information List
Table Schweitzer Engg Lab (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Schweitzer Engg Lab (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Schweitzer Engg Lab (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Schweitzer Engg Lab (U.S.) Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Alstom S.A. (France) Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Electric Power Substation Automation
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Electric Power Substation Automation
Figure Electric Power Substation Automation Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Electric Power Substation Automation Major Players/Suppliers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Electric Power Substation Automation
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Volume (K Pcs) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Price (USD/Pcs) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Volume (K Pcs) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Volume (K Pcs) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Volume (K Pcs) Forecast by Type in 2022
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Volume (K Pcs) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Volume (K Pcs) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Volume (K Pcs) Forecast by Application in 2022
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Volume (K Pcs) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Table United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Electric Power Substation Automation Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources