United States Condensing Steam Turbine Market Report 2017

December 2017 | 111 pages | ID: U5F02EC0000EN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Condensing Steam Turbine market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Condensing Steam Turbine in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast).

United States Condensing Steam Turbine market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Condensing Steam Turbine sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• Alstom SA
• Siemens AG
• Toshiba Corporation
• General Electric Company
• Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd.
• Eliott Group
• Ansaldo Energia S.P.A.
• Shanghai Electric Group Co. Ltd.
• Dongfang Electric
• Harbin Electric Doosan Skoda Power
• Bharat Heavy Electricals
• Man Diesel & Turbo SE
• Fuji Electric Co., Ltd

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• 1-120 MW
• 121-350 MW
• 351-750 MW
• Above 750 MW

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate for each application, including

• Coal
• Nuclear
• Biomass
• Others

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States Condensing Steam Turbine Market Report 2017

1 CONDENSING STEAM TURBINE OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Condensing Steam Turbine
1.2 Classification of Condensing Steam Turbine by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)
  1.2.2 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
  1.2.3 1-120 MW
  1.2.4 121-350 MW
  1.2.5 351-750 MW
  1.2.6 Above 750 MW
1.3 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 Coal
  1.3.3 Nuclear
  1.3.4 Biomass
  1.3.5 Others
1.4 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 The West Condensing Steam Turbine Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 Southwest Condensing Steam Turbine Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Condensing Steam Turbine Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 New England Condensing Steam Turbine Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 The South Condensing Steam Turbine Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Condensing Steam Turbine Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Condensing Steam Turbine (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
  1.5.2 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 UNITED STATES CONDENSING STEAM TURBINE MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.2 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.3 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.4 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Condensing Steam Turbine Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES CONDENSING STEAM TURBINE SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2012-2017)

3.1 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Price by Region (2012-2017)

4 UNITED STATES CONDENSING STEAM TURBINE SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2012-2017)

4.1 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)
4.2 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Price by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

5 UNITED STATES CONDENSING STEAM TURBINE SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2012-2017)

5.1 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
5.2 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES CONDENSING STEAM TURBINE PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 Alstom SA
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Condensing Steam Turbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 Alstom SA Condensing Steam Turbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Siemens AG
  6.2.2 Condensing Steam Turbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Siemens AG Condensing Steam Turbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Toshiba Corporation
  6.3.2 Condensing Steam Turbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Toshiba Corporation Condensing Steam Turbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 General Electric Company
  6.4.2 Condensing Steam Turbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 General Electric Company Condensing Steam Turbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd.
  6.5.2 Condensing Steam Turbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd. Condensing Steam Turbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Eliott Group
  6.6.2 Condensing Steam Turbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 Eliott Group Condensing Steam Turbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Ansaldo Energia S.P.A.
  6.7.2 Condensing Steam Turbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Ansaldo Energia S.P.A. Condensing Steam Turbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Shanghai Electric Group Co. Ltd.
  6.8.2 Condensing Steam Turbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Shanghai Electric Group Co. Ltd. Condensing Steam Turbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Dongfang Electric
  6.9.2 Condensing Steam Turbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Dongfang Electric Condensing Steam Turbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Harbin Electric Doosan Skoda Power
  6.10.2 Condensing Steam Turbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Harbin Electric Doosan Skoda Power Condensing Steam Turbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Bharat Heavy Electricals
6.12 Man Diesel & Turbo SE
6.13 Fuji Electric Co., Ltd

7 CONDENSING STEAM TURBINE MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Condensing Steam Turbine Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Condensing Steam Turbine

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Condensing Steam Turbine Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Condensing Steam Turbine Major Manufacturers in 2016
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES CONDENSING STEAM TURBINE MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2017-2022)

11.1 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Condensing Steam Turbine
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Market Size (Units) by Type (2012-2022)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
Figure 1-120 MW Product Picture
Figure 121-350 MW Product Picture
Figure 351-750 MW Product Picture
Figure Above 750 MW Product Picture
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Market Size (Units) by Application (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Condensing Steam Turbine by Application in 2016
Figure Coal Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Coal
Figure Nuclear Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Nuclear
Figure Biomass Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Biomass
Figure Others Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Others
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2012-2022)
Figure The West Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure New England Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The South of US Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Midwest Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales (Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (Units) (2012-2017)
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales (Units) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Condensing Steam Turbine Average Price (K USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure United States Market Condensing Steam Turbine Average Price (K USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2016
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Condensing Steam Turbine Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Condensing Steam Turbine Product Category
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales (Units) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Price (K USD/Unit) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales (Units) by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Market Share by Type in 2016
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Condensing Steam Turbine by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Condensing Steam Turbine by Type in 2016
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Price (K USD/Unit) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales (Units) by Application (2012-2017)
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Market Share by Application in 2016
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Table Alstom SA Basic Information List
Table Alstom SA Condensing Steam Turbine Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Alstom SA Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Alstom SA Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Alstom SA Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Siemens AG Basic Information List
Table Siemens AG Condensing Steam Turbine Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Siemens AG Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Siemens AG Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Siemens AG Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Toshiba Corporation Basic Information List
Table Toshiba Corporation Condensing Steam Turbine Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Toshiba Corporation Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Toshiba Corporation Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Toshiba Corporation Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table General Electric Company Basic Information List
Table General Electric Company Condensing Steam Turbine Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure General Electric Company Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure General Electric Company Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure General Electric Company Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd. Basic Information List
Table Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd. Condensing Steam Turbine Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd. Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd. Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd. Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Eliott Group Basic Information List
Table Eliott Group Condensing Steam Turbine Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Eliott Group Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Eliott Group Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Eliott Group Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Ansaldo Energia S.P.A. Basic Information List
Table Ansaldo Energia S.P.A. Condensing Steam Turbine Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Ansaldo Energia S.P.A. Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Ansaldo Energia S.P.A. Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Ansaldo Energia S.P.A. Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Shanghai Electric Group Co. Ltd. Basic Information List
Table Shanghai Electric Group Co. Ltd. Condensing Steam Turbine Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Shanghai Electric Group Co. Ltd. Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Shanghai Electric Group Co. Ltd. Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Shanghai Electric Group Co. Ltd. Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Dongfang Electric Basic Information List
Table Dongfang Electric Condensing Steam Turbine Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Dongfang Electric Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Dongfang Electric Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Dongfang Electric Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Harbin Electric Doosan Skoda Power Basic Information List
Table Harbin Electric Doosan Skoda Power Condensing Steam Turbine Sales (Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (K USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Harbin Electric Doosan Skoda Power Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Harbin Electric Doosan Skoda Power Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Harbin Electric Doosan Skoda Power Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Bharat Heavy Electricals Basic Information List
Table Man Diesel & Turbo SE Basic Information List
Table Fuji Electric Co., Ltd Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Condensing Steam Turbine
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Condensing Steam Turbine
Figure Condensing Steam Turbine Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Condensing Steam Turbine Major Players/Suppliers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Condensing Steam Turbine
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Volume (Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Price (K USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Volume (Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Volume (Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Volume (Units) Forecast by Type in 2022
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Volume (Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Volume (Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Volume (Units) Forecast by Application in 2022
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Volume (Units) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Table United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Condensing Steam Turbine Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources