United States Arc Flash Protection System Market Report 2017

October 2017 | 111 pages | ID: UD2FD507DC8WEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Arc Flash Protection System market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Arc Flash Protection System in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast).

United States Arc Flash Protection System market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Arc Flash Protection System sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• ABB Group (Switzerland)
• Siemens Ltd (Germany)
• General Electric Company (USA)
• Larsen & Toubro (India)
• Toshiba Corporation (Japan)
• Basler Electric Company (USA)
• Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (Japan)
• Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (USA)
• Littelfuse (USA)
• Schneider Electric SA (France)
• DuPont (USA)
• Eaton Co (Ireland)

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Arc Flash Detection & Control System
• Personal Protective Equipment

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Arc Flash Protection System for each application, including

• Utilities
• Manufacturing & Processing Industries
• Oil & Gas and Transportation & Infrastructure
• Others

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States Arc Flash Protection System Market Report 2017

1 ARC FLASH PROTECTION SYSTEM OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Arc Flash Protection System
1.2 Classification of Arc Flash Protection System by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Arc Flash Protection System Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)
  1.2.2 United States Arc Flash Protection System Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
  1.2.3 Arc Flash Detection & Control System
  1.2.4 Personal Protective Equipment
1.3 United States Arc Flash Protection System Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Arc Flash Protection System Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 Utilities
  1.3.3 Manufacturing & Processing Industries
  1.3.4 Oil & Gas and Transportation & Infrastructure
  1.3.5 Others
1.4 United States Arc Flash Protection System Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Arc Flash Protection System Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 The West Arc Flash Protection System Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 Southwest Arc Flash Protection System Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Arc Flash Protection System Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 New England Arc Flash Protection System Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 The South Arc Flash Protection System Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Arc Flash Protection System Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Arc Flash Protection System (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
  1.5.2 United States Arc Flash Protection System Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 UNITED STATES ARC FLASH PROTECTION SYSTEM MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.2 United States Arc Flash Protection System Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.3 United States Arc Flash Protection System Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.4 United States Arc Flash Protection System Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Arc Flash Protection System Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Arc Flash Protection System Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Arc Flash Protection System Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES ARC FLASH PROTECTION SYSTEM SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2012-2017)

3.1 United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 United States Arc Flash Protection System Revenue and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 United States Arc Flash Protection System Price by Region (2012-2017)

4 UNITED STATES ARC FLASH PROTECTION SYSTEM SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2012-2017)

4.1 United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)
4.2 United States Arc Flash Protection System Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 United States Arc Flash Protection System Price by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

5 UNITED STATES ARC FLASH PROTECTION SYSTEM SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2012-2017)

5.1 United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
5.2 United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES ARC FLASH PROTECTION SYSTEM PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 ABB Group (Switzerland)
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Arc Flash Protection System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 ABB Group (Switzerland) Arc Flash Protection System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Siemens Ltd (Germany)
  6.2.2 Arc Flash Protection System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Siemens Ltd (Germany) Arc Flash Protection System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 General Electric Company (USA)
  6.3.2 Arc Flash Protection System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 General Electric Company (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Larsen & Toubro (India)
  6.4.2 Arc Flash Protection System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Larsen & Toubro (India) Arc Flash Protection System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Toshiba Corporation (Japan)
  6.5.2 Arc Flash Protection System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Toshiba Corporation (Japan) Arc Flash Protection System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Basler Electric Company (USA)
  6.6.2 Arc Flash Protection System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 Basler Electric Company (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (Japan)
  6.7.2 Arc Flash Protection System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (Japan) Arc Flash Protection System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (USA)
  6.8.2 Arc Flash Protection System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Littelfuse (USA)
  6.9.2 Arc Flash Protection System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Littelfuse (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Schneider Electric SA (France)
  6.10.2 Arc Flash Protection System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Schneider Electric SA (France) Arc Flash Protection System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 DuPont (USA)
6.12 Eaton Co (Ireland)

7 ARC FLASH PROTECTION SYSTEM MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Arc Flash Protection System Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Arc Flash Protection System

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Arc Flash Protection System Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Arc Flash Protection System Major Manufacturers in 2016
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES ARC FLASH PROTECTION SYSTEM MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2017-2022)

11.1 United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Arc Flash Protection System
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Market Size (K Units) by Type (2012-2022)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
Figure Arc Flash Detection & Control System Product Picture
Figure Personal Protective Equipment Product Picture
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Market Size (K Units) by Application (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Arc Flash Protection System by Application in 2016
Figure Utilities Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Utilities
Figure Manufacturing & Processing Industries Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Manufacturing & Processing Industries
Figure Oil & Gas and Transportation & Infrastructure Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Oil & Gas and Transportation & Infrastructure
Figure Others Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Others
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2012-2022)
Figure The West Arc Flash Protection System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest Arc Flash Protection System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Arc Flash Protection System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure New England Arc Flash Protection System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The South of US Arc Flash Protection System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Midwest Arc Flash Protection System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Units) (2012-2017)
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales (K Units) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Arc Flash Protection System Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Arc Flash Protection System Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Arc Flash Protection System Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure United States Market Arc Flash Protection System Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2016
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Arc Flash Protection System Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Arc Flash Protection System Product Category
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales (K Units) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Revenue Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Revenue Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales (K Units) by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Market Share by Type in 2016
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Arc Flash Protection System by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Arc Flash Protection System by Type in 2016
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales (K Units) by Application (2012-2017)
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Market Share by Application in 2016
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Table ABB Group (Switzerland) Basic Information List
Table ABB Group (Switzerland) Arc Flash Protection System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure ABB Group (Switzerland) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure ABB Group (Switzerland) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure ABB Group (Switzerland) Arc Flash Protection System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Siemens Ltd (Germany) Basic Information List
Table Siemens Ltd (Germany) Arc Flash Protection System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Siemens Ltd (Germany) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Siemens Ltd (Germany) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Siemens Ltd (Germany) Arc Flash Protection System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table General Electric Company (USA) Basic Information List
Table General Electric Company (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure General Electric Company (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure General Electric Company (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure General Electric Company (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Larsen & Toubro (India) Basic Information List
Table Larsen & Toubro (India) Arc Flash Protection System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Larsen & Toubro (India) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Larsen & Toubro (India) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Larsen & Toubro (India) Arc Flash Protection System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Toshiba Corporation (Japan) Basic Information List
Table Toshiba Corporation (Japan) Arc Flash Protection System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Toshiba Corporation (Japan) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Toshiba Corporation (Japan) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Toshiba Corporation (Japan) Arc Flash Protection System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Basler Electric Company (USA) Basic Information List
Table Basler Electric Company (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Basler Electric Company (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Basler Electric Company (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Basler Electric Company (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (Japan) Basic Information List
Table Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (Japan) Arc Flash Protection System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (Japan) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (Japan) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (Japan) Arc Flash Protection System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (USA) Basic Information List
Table Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Littelfuse (USA) Basic Information List
Table Littelfuse (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Littelfuse (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Littelfuse (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Littelfuse (USA) Arc Flash Protection System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Schneider Electric SA (France) Basic Information List
Table Schneider Electric SA (France) Arc Flash Protection System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Schneider Electric SA (France) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Schneider Electric SA (France) Arc Flash Protection System Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Schneider Electric SA (France) Arc Flash Protection System Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table DuPont (USA) Basic Information List
Table Eaton Co (Ireland) Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Arc Flash Protection System
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Arc Flash Protection System
Figure Arc Flash Protection System Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Arc Flash Protection System Major Players/Suppliers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Arc Flash Protection System
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type in 2022
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application in 2022
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Table United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Arc Flash Protection System Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources