[email protected] +44 20 8123 2220 (UK) +1 732 587 5005 (US) Contact Us | FAQ |

Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Industry Market Analysis & Forecast 2018-2023

June 2019 | 100 pages | ID: G34E64B4746EN
S&P Consulting

US$ 2,240.00 US$ 2,800.00 -20 %

E-mail Delivery (PDF), E-mail Delivery (Word), E-mail Delivery (Excel), E-mail Delivery (PowerPoint)

Download PDF Leaflet

Accepted cards
Wire Transfer
Checkout Later
Need Help? Ask a Question
In the Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Industry Market Analysis & Forecast 2018-2023, the revenue is valued at USD XX million in 2017 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2023, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2018 and 2023. The production is estimated at XX million in 2017 and is forecasted to reach XX million by the end of 2023, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2018 and 2023.

It covers Regional Segment Analysis, Type, Appliction, Major Manufactures, Industry Chain Analysis, Competitive Insights and Macroeconomic Analysis.

Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market: Regional Segment Analysis
  • North America
  • Europe
  • China
  • Japan
  • Southeast Asia
  • India
The Major players reported in the market include:
  • company 1
  • company 2
  • company 3
  • company 4
  • company 5
  • company 6
  • company 7
  • company 8
  • company 9
Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market: Product Segment Analysis
  • Type 1
  • Type 2
  • Type 3
Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market: Application Segment Analysis
  • Application 1
  • Application 2
  • Application 3
Reasons for Buying this Report
  • This report provides pin-point analysis for changing competitive dynamics
  • It provides a forward looking perspective on different factors driving or restraining market growth
  • It provides a six-year forecast assessed on the basis of how the market is predicted to grow
  • It helps in understanding the key product segments and their future
  • It provides pin point analysis of changing competition dynamics and keeps you ahead of competitors
  • It helps in making informed business decisions by having complete insights of market and by making in-depth analysis of market segments
Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Industry Market Analysis & Forecast 2018-2023

CHAPTER 1 VACUUM FRICTION AND WEAR TESTER MARKET OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester
1.2 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market Segmentation by Type in 2016
  1.2.1 Global Production Market Share of Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester by Type in 2016
  1.2.1 Type
  1.2.2 Type
  1.2.3 Type
1.3 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market Segmentation by Application in 2016
  1.3.1 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Consumption Market Share by Application in 2016
  1.3.2 Application
  1.3.3 Application
  1.3.4 Application
1.4 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market Segmentation by Regions
  1.4.1 North America
  1.4.2 China
  1.4.3 Europe
  1.4.4 Southeast Asia
  1.4.5 Japan
  1.4.6 India
1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester (2013-2023)
  1.5.1 Global Product Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
  1.5.2 Global Product Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL ECONOMIC IMPACT ON VACUUM FRICTION AND WEAR TESTER INDUSTRY

2.1 Global Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
  2.1.1 Global Macroeconomic Analysis
  2.1.2 Global Macroeconomic Environment Development Trend
2.2 Global Macroeconomic Environment Analysis by Regions

CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL VACUUM FRICTION AND WEAR TESTER MARKET COMPETITION BY MANUFACTURERS

3.1 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production and Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
3.2 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
3.3 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Average Price by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
3.4 Manufacturers Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Manufacturing Base Distribution, Production Area and Product Type
3.5 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  3.5.1 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market Concentration Rate
  3.5.2 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers
  3.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL VACUUM FRICTION AND WEAR TESTER PRODUCTION, REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2013-2018)

4.1 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production by Region (2013-2018)
4.2 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
4.3 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
4.4 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
4.5 North America Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  4.5.1 North AmericaVacuum Friction and Wear TesterProduction and Market Share by Manufacturers
  4.5.2 North AmericaVacuum Friction and Wear TesterProduction and Market Share by Type
  4.5.3 North AmericaVacuum Friction and Wear TesterProduction and Market Share by Application
4.6 Europe Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  4.6.1 EuropeVacuum Friction and Wear TesterProduction and Market Share by Manufacturers
  4.6.2 Europe Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production and Market Share by Type
  4.6.3 Europe Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production and Market Share by Application
4.7 China Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  4.7.1 ChinaVacuum Friction and Wear TesterProduction and Market Share by Manufacturers
  4.7.2 China Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production and Market Share by Type
  4.7.3 China Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production and Market Share by Application
4.8 Japan Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  4.8.1 Japan Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production and Market Share by Manufacturers
  4.8.2 Japan Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production and Market Share by Type
  4.8.3 Japan Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production and Market Share by Application
4.9 Southeast Asia Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  4.9.1 Southeast Asia Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production and Market Share by Manufacturers
  4.9.2 Southeast Asia Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production and Market Share by Type
  4.9.3 Southeast Asia Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production and Market Share by Application
4.10 India Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  4.10.1 India Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production and Market Share by Manufacturers
  4.10.2 India Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production and Market Share by Type
  4.10.3 India Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production and Market Share by Application

CHAPTER 5 GLOBAL VACUUM FRICTION AND WEAR TESTER SUPPLY (PRODUCTION), CONSUMPTION, EXPORT, IMPORT BY REGIONS (2013-2018)

5.1 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Consumption by Regions (2013-2018)
5.2 North America Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)
5.3 Europe Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)
5.4 China Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)
5.5 Japan Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)
5.6 Southeast Asia Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)
5.7 India Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)

CHAPTER 6 GLOBAL VACUUM FRICTION AND WEAR TESTER PRODUCTION, REVENUE (VALUE), PRICE TREND BY TYPE

6.1 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
6.2 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
6.3 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Price by Type (2013-2018)
6.4 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production Growth by Type (2013-2018)

CHAPTER 7 GLOBAL VACUUM FRICTION AND WEAR TESTER MARKET ANALYSIS BY APPLICATION

7.1 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Consumption and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
7.2 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
7.3 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
7.4 Market Drivers and Opportunities
  7.4.1 Potential Applications
  7.4.2 Emerging Markets/Countries

CHAPTER 8 GLOBAL VACUUM FRICTION AND WEAR TESTER MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS

8.1 company
  8.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  8.1.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  8.1.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  8.1.4 Business Overview
8.2 company
  8.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  8.2.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  8.2.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  8.2.4 Business Overview
8.3 company
  8.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  8.3.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  8.3.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  8.3.4 Business Overview
8.4 company
  8.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  8.4.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  8.4.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  8.4.4 Business Overview
8.5 company
  8.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  8.5.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  8.5.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  8.5.4 Business Overview
8.6 company
  8.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  8.6.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  8.6.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  8.6.4 Business Overview
8.7 company
  8.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  8.7.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  8.7.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  8.7.4 Business Overview
8.8 company
  8.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  8.8.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  8.8.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  8.8.4 Business Overview
8.9 company
  8.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  8.9.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  8.9.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  8.9.4 Business Overview

CHAPTER 9 VACUUM FRICTION AND WEAR TESTER MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

9.1 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Key Raw Materials Analysis
  9.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  9.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  9.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  9.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
9.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  9.2.1 Raw Materials
  9.2.2 Labor Cost
  9.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
9.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester

CHAPTER 10 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

10.1 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Industrial Chain Analysis
10.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
10.3 Raw Materials Sources of Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Major Manufacturers in 2016
10.4 Downstream Buyers

CHAPTER 11 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

11.1 Marketing Channel
  11.1.1 Direct Marketing
  11.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  11.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
11.2 Market Positioning
  11.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  11.2.2 Brand Strategy
  11.2.3 Target Client
11.3 Distributors/Traders List

CHAPTER 12 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

12.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  12.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  12.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
12.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
12.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

CHAPTER 13 GLOBAL VACUUM FRICTION AND WEAR TESTER MARKET FORECAST (2018-2023)

13.1 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue Forecast (2018-2023)
13.2 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Consumption Forecast by Regions (2018-2023)
13.3 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production Forecast by Type (2018-2023)
13.4 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Consumption Forecast by Application (2018-2023)
13.5 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Price Forecast (2018-2023)

CHAPTER 14 APPENDIX

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Picture of Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester
Figure Global Production Market Share of Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester by Type 2016
Figure Product Picture of Type I
Table Major Manufacturers of Type I
Figure Product Picture of Type II
Table Major Manufacturers of Type II
Figure Product Picture of Type III
Table Major Manufacturers of Type III
Table Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Consumption Market Share by Application in 2016
Figure Application 1 Examples
Figure Application 2 Examples
Figure Application 3 Examples
Figure North America Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure Europe Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure China Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure Japan Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure Southeast Asia Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure India Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue (Million UDS) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Capacity of Key Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Figure Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Capacity of Key Manufacturers in 2016
Figure Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Capacity of Key Manufacturers in 2017
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production of Key Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Figure 2015 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production Share by Manufacturers
Figure 2016 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production Share by Manufacturers
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table 2015 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table 2016 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table Global Market Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Average Price of Key Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Figure Global Market Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Average Price of Key Manufacturers in 2016
Table Manufacturers Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table Manufacturers Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Product Type
Figure Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market Share of Top 3 Manufacturers
Figure Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Capacity by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Capacity Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Capacity Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure 2015 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Capacity Market Share by Regions
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production and Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure 2015 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production Market Share by Regions
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue by Regions (2013-2018)
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)
Table 2015 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue Market Share by Regions
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table North America Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table Europe Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table China Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table Japan Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table Southeast Asia Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table India Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Consumption Market by Regions (2013-2018)
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Consumption Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Consumption Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure 2015 Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Consumption Market Share by Regions
Table North America Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)
Table Europe Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)
Table China Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)
Table Japan Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)
Table Southeast Asia Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)
Table India Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production by Type (2013-2018)
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Production Market Share of Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester by Type (2013-2018)
Figure 2015 Production Market Share of Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester by Type
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue by Type (2013-2018)
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Production Revenue Share of Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester by Type (2013-2018)
Figure 2015 Revenue Market Share of Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester by Type
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Price by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production Growth by Type (2013-2018)
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Consumption by Application (2013-2018)
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Consumption Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Consumption Market Share by Application in 2016
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Figure Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Table company 1 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors
Table company 1 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table company 1 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market Share (2013-2018)
Table company 2 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors
Table company 2 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table company 2 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market Share (2013-2018)
Table company 3 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors
Table company 3 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table company 3 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market Share (2013-2018)
Table company 4 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors
Table company 4 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table company 4 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market Share (2013-2018)
Table company 5 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors
Table company 5 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table company 5 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market Share (2013-2018)
Table company 6 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors
Table company 6 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table company 6 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market Share (2013-2018)
Table company 7 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors
Table company 7 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table company 7 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market Share (2013-2018)
Table company 8 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors
Table company 8 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table company 8 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market Share (2013-2018)
Table company 9 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors
Table company 9 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table company 9 Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Market Share (2013-2018)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester
Figure Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Major Manufacturers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)
Figure Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production Forecast by Regions (2018-2023)
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Consumption Forecast by Regions (2018-2023)
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Production Forecast by Type (2018-2023)
Table Global Vacuum Friction and Wear Tester Consumption Forecast by Application (2018-2023)


More Publications