Global Tactile Switches Sales Market Report 2017

January 2017 | 118 pages | ID: G714A5C2289EN
QYResearch

Abstracts

Notes:

Sales, means the sales volume of Tactile Switches

Revenue, means the sales value of Tactile Switches

This report studies sales (consumption) of Tactile Switches in Global market, especially in United States, China, Europe and Japan, focuses on top players in these regions/countries, with sales, price, revenue and market share for each player in these regions, covering

• OMRON
• Panasonic
• ALPS
• C&K Components
• Wurth Elektronik
• NKK Switches
• APEM
• TE Connectivity
• CTS
• BOURNS
• E-Switch
• Knitter-switch
• Xinda
• Marquardt
• Mitsumi Electric
• Changfeng
• OMTEN
• Han Young
• Oppho
• BEWIN

Market Segment by Regions, this report splits Global into several key Regions, with sales (consumption), revenue, market share and growth rate of Tactile Switches in these regions, from 2011 to 2021 (forecast), like

• United States
• China
• Europe
• Japan
• Southeast Asia
• India

Split by product Types, with sales, revenue, price and gross margin, market share and growth rate of each type, can be divided into

• Standard Types
• Illuminated Types
• Sealed Types
• SMD Types
• Hinged Types

Split by applications, this report focuses on sales, market share and growth rate of Tactile Switches in each application, can be divided into

• Automotive?
• Medical?
• 3C Products?
• Information Appliance?
• White Goods?
• Others

Contents

Global Tactile Switches Sales Market Report 2017

1 TACTILE SWITCHES OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Tactile Switches
1.2 Classification of Tactile Switches
  1.2.1 Standard Types
  1.2.2 Illuminated Types
  1.2.3 Sealed Types
  1.2.4 SMD Types
  1.2.5 Hinged Types
1.3 Application of Tactile Switches
  1.3.1 Automotive?
  1.3.2 Medical?
  1.3.3 3C Products?
  1.3.4 Information Appliance?
  1.3.5 White Goods?
  1.3.6 Others
1.4 Tactile Switches Market by Regions
  1.4.1 United States Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.2 China Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.4 Japan Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.5 Southeast Asia Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.6 India Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
1.5 Global Market Size (Value and Volume) of Tactile Switches (2011-2021)
  1.5.1 Global Tactile Switches Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
  1.5.2 Global Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)

2 GLOBAL TACTILE SWITCHES COMPETITION BY MANUFACTURERS, TYPE AND APPLICATION

2.1 Global Tactile Switches Market Competition by Manufacturers
  2.1.1 Global Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2011-2016)
  2.1.2 Global Tactile Switches Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
2.2 Global Tactile Switches (Volume and Value) by Type
  2.2.1 Global Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
  2.2.2 Global Tactile Switches Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
2.3 Global Tactile Switches (Volume and Value) by Regions
  2.3.1 Global Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
  2.3.2 Global Tactile Switches Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
2.4 Global Tactile Switches (Volume) by Application

3 UNITED STATES TACTILE SWITCHES (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

3.1 United States Tactile Switches Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  3.1.1 United States Tactile Switches Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  3.1.2 United States Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  3.1.3 United States Tactile Switches Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
3.2 United States Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
3.3 United States Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Type
3.4 United States Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Application

4 CHINA TACTILE SWITCHES (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

4.1 China Tactile Switches Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  4.1.1 China Tactile Switches Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  4.1.2 China Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  4.1.3 China Tactile Switches Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
4.2 China Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
4.3 China Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Type
4.4 China Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Application

5 EUROPE TACTILE SWITCHES (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

5.1 Europe Tactile Switches Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  5.1.1 Europe Tactile Switches Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  5.1.2 Europe Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  5.1.3 Europe Tactile Switches Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
5.2 Europe Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
5.3 Europe Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Type
5.4 Europe Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Application

6 JAPAN TACTILE SWITCHES (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

6.1 Japan Tactile Switches Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  6.1.1 Japan Tactile Switches Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  6.1.2 Japan Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  6.1.3 Japan Tactile Switches Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
6.2 Japan Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
6.3 Japan Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Type
6.4 Japan Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Application

7 SOUTHEAST ASIA TACTILE SWITCHES (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

7.1 Southeast Asia Tactile Switches Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  7.1.1 Southeast Asia Tactile Switches Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  7.1.2 Southeast Asia Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  7.1.3 Southeast Asia Tactile Switches Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
7.2 Southeast Asia Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
7.3 Southeast Asia Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Type
7.4 Southeast Asia Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Application

8 INDIA TACTILE SWITCHES (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

8.1 India Tactile Switches Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  8.1.1 India Tactile Switches Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  8.1.2 India Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  8.1.3 India Tactile Switches Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
8.2 India Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
8.3 India Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Type
8.4 India Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Application

9 GLOBAL TACTILE SWITCHES MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS

9.1 OMRON
  9.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  9.1.2 Tactile Switches Product Type, Application and Specification
    9.1.2.1 Standard Types
    9.1.2.2 Illuminated Types
  9.1.3 OMRON Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  9.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
9.2 Panasonic
  9.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  9.2.2 Tactile Switches Product Type, Application and Specification
    9.2.2.1 Standard Types
    9.2.2.2 Illuminated Types
  9.2.3 Panasonic Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  9.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
9.3 ALPS
  9.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  9.3.2 Tactile Switches Product Type, Application and Specification
    9.3.2.1 Standard Types
    9.3.2.2 Illuminated Types
  9.3.3 ALPS Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  9.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
9.4 C&K Components
  9.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  9.4.2 Tactile Switches Product Type, Application and Specification
    9.4.2.1 Standard Types
    9.4.2.2 Illuminated Types
  9.4.3 C&K Components Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  9.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
9.5 Wurth Elektronik
  9.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  9.5.2 Tactile Switches Product Type, Application and Specification
    9.5.2.1 Standard Types
    9.5.2.2 Illuminated Types
  9.5.3 Wurth Elektronik Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  9.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
9.6 NKK Switches
  9.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  9.6.2 Tactile Switches Product Type, Application and Specification
    9.6.2.1 Standard Types
    9.6.2.2 Illuminated Types
  9.6.3 NKK Switches Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  9.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
9.7 APEM
  9.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  9.7.2 Tactile Switches Product Type, Application and Specification
    9.7.2.1 Standard Types
    9.7.2.2 Illuminated Types
  9.7.3 APEM Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  9.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
9.8 TE Connectivity
  9.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  9.8.2 Tactile Switches Product Type, Application and Specification
    9.8.2.1 Standard Types
    9.8.2.2 Illuminated Types
  9.8.3 TE Connectivity Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  9.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
9.9 CTS
  9.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  9.9.2 Tactile Switches Product Type, Application and Specification
    9.9.2.1 Standard Types
    9.9.2.2 Illuminated Types
  9.9.3 CTS Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  9.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
9.10 BOURNS
  9.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  9.10.2 Tactile Switches Product Type, Application and Specification
    9.10.2.1 Standard Types
    9.10.2.2 Illuminated Types
  9.10.3 BOURNS Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  9.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
9.11 E-Switch
9.12 Knitter-switch
9.13 Xinda
9.14 Marquardt
9.15 Mitsumi Electric
9.16 Changfeng
9.17 OMTEN
9.18 Han Young
9.19 Oppho
9.20 BEWIN

10 TACTILE SWITCHES MAUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

10.1 Tactile Switches Key Raw Materials Analysis
  10.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  10.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  10.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  10.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
10.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  10.2.1 Raw Materials
  10.2.2 Labor Cost
  10.2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Tactile Switches
10.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Tactile Switches

11 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

11.1 Tactile Switches Industrial Chain Analysis
11.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
11.3 Raw Materials Sources of Tactile Switches Major Manufacturers in 2015
11.4 Downstream Buyers

12 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

12.1 Marketing Channel
  12.1.1 Direct Marketing
  12.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  12.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
12.2 Market Positioning
  12.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  12.2.2 Brand Strategy
  12.2.3 Target Client
12.3 Distributors/Traders List

13 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

13.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  13.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  13.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
13.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
13.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

14 GLOBAL TACTILE SWITCHES MARKET FORECAST (2016-2021)

14.1 Global Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue and Price Forecast (2016-2021)
  14.1.1 Global Tactile Switches Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
  14.1.2 Global Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
  14.1.3 Global Tactile Switches Price and Trend Forecast (2016-2021)
14.2 Global Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2016-2021)
  14.2.1 United States Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
  14.2.2 China Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
  14.2.3 Europe Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
  14.2.4 Japan Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
  14.2.5 Southeast Asia Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
  14.2.6 India Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
14.3 Global Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
14.4 Global Tactile Switches Sales Forecast by Application (2016-2021)

15 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

16 APPENDIX

Methodology
Analyst Introduction
Data Source

The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Picture of Tactile Switches
Table Classification of Tactile Switches
Figure Global Sales Market Share of Tactile Switches by Type in 2015
Figure Standard Types Picture
Figure Illuminated Types Picture
Figure Sealed Types Picture
Figure SMD Types Picture
Figure Hinged Types Picture
Table Applications of Tactile Switches
Figure Global Sales Market Share of Tactile Switches by Application in 2015
Figure Automotive? Examples
Figure Medical? Examples
Figure 3C Products? Examples
Figure Information Appliance? Examples
Figure White Goods? Examples
Figure Others Examples
Figure United States Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure China Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Europe Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Japan Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Southeast Asia Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure India Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Global Tactile Switches Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Global Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Table Global Tactile Switches Sales of Key Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Global Tactile Switches Sales Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Figure 2015 Tactile Switches Sales Share by Manufacturers
Figure 2016 Tactile Switches Sales Share by Manufacturers
Table Global Tactile Switches Revenue by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Global Tactile Switches Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table 2015 Global Tactile Switches Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table 2016 Global Tactile Switches Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table Global Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Global Tactile Switches Sales Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Sales Market Share of Tactile Switches by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Global Tactile Switches Sales Growth Rate by Type (2011-2016)
Table Global Tactile Switches Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Global Tactile Switches Revenue Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Tactile Switches by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Global Tactile Switches Revenue Growth Rate by Type (2011-2016)
Table Global Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Table Global Tactile Switches Sales Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Sales Market Share of Tactile Switches by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Global Tactile Switches Sales Growth Rate by Regions (2011-2016)
Table Global Tactile Switches Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Table Global Tactile Switches Revenue Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Tactile Switches by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Global Tactile Switches Revenue Growth Rate by Regions (2011-2016)
Table Global Tactile Switches Sales and Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Table Global Tactile Switches Sales Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Sales Market Share of Tactile Switches by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Global Tactile Switches Sales Growth Rate by Application (2011-2016)
Figure United States Tactile Switches Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure United States Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure United States Tactile Switches Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table United States Tactile Switches Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table United States Tactile Switches Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table United States Tactile Switches Sales by Type (2011-2016)
Table United States Tactile Switches Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table United States Tactile Switches Sales by Application (2011-2016)
Table United States Tactile Switches Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure China Tactile Switches Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure China Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure China Tactile Switches Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table China Tactile Switches Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table China Tactile Switches Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table China Tactile Switches Sales by Type (2011-2016)
Table China Tactile Switches Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table China Tactile Switches Sales by Application (2011-2016)
Table China Tactile Switches Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Europe Tactile Switches Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Europe Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Europe Tactile Switches Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Europe Tactile Switches Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Europe Tactile Switches Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Europe Tactile Switches Sales by Type (2011-2016)
Table Europe Tactile Switches Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Europe Tactile Switches Sales by Application (2011-2016)
Table Europe Tactile Switches Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Japan Tactile Switches Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Japan Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Japan Tactile Switches Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Japan Tactile Switches Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Japan Tactile Switches Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Japan Tactile Switches Sales by Type (2011-2016)
Table Japan Tactile Switches Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Japan Tactile Switches Sales by Application (2011-2016)
Table Japan Tactile Switches Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Southeast Asia Tactile Switches Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Southeast Asia Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Southeast Asia Tactile Switches Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Southeast Asia Tactile Switches Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Southeast Asia Tactile Switches Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Southeast Asia Tactile Switches Sales by Type (2011-2016)
Table Southeast Asia Tactile Switches Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Southeast Asia Tactile Switches Sales by Application (2011-2016)
Table Southeast Asia Tactile Switches Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure India Tactile Switches Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure India Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure India Tactile Switches Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table India Tactile Switches Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table India Tactile Switches Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table India Tactile Switches Sales by Type (2011-2016)
Table India Tactile Switches Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table India Tactile Switches Sales by Application (2011-2016)
Table India Tactile Switches Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Table OMRON Basic Information List
Table OMRON Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure OMRON Tactile Switches Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Panasonic Basic Information List
Table Panasonic Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Panasonic Tactile Switches Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table ALPS Basic Information List
Table ALPS Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure ALPS Tactile Switches Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table C&K Components Basic Information List
Table C&K Components Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure C&K Components Tactile Switches Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Wurth Elektronik Basic Information List
Table Wurth Elektronik Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Wurth Elektronik Tactile Switches Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table NKK Switches Basic Information List
Table NKK Switches Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure NKK Switches Tactile Switches Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table APEM Basic Information List
Table APEM Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure APEM Tactile Switches Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table TE Connectivity Basic Information List
Table TE Connectivity Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure TE Connectivity Tactile Switches Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table CTS Basic Information List
Table CTS Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure CTS Tactile Switches Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table BOURNS Basic Information List
Table BOURNS Tactile Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure BOURNS Tactile Switches Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table E-Switch Basic Information List
Table Knitter-switch Basic Information List
Table Xinda Basic Information List
Table Marquardt Basic Information List
Table Mitsumi Electric Basic Information List
Table Changfeng Basic Information List
Table OMTEN Basic Information List
Table Han Young Basic Information List
Table Oppho Basic Information List
Table BEWIN Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Tactile Switches
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Tactile Switches
Figure Tactile Switches Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Tactile Switches Major Manufacturers in 2015
Table Major Buyers of Tactile Switches
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure Global Tactile Switches Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Global Tactile Switches Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table Global Tactile Switches Sales Forecast by Regions (2016-2021)
Table Global Tactile Switches Sales Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
Table Global Tactile Switches Sales Forecast by Application (2016-2021)