Global Parallel Weld Heads Market Research Report 2018

January 2018 | 104 pages | ID: GDB37AA9FAFEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the global Parallel Weld Heads market is valued at USD XX million in 2017 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2017 and 2025.

Geographically, this report is segmented into several key Regions, with production, consumption, revenue (million USD), market share and growth rate of Parallel Weld Heads in these regions, from 2013 to 2025 (forecast), covering

• North America
• Europe
• China
• Japan
• Southeast Asia
• India

Global Parallel Weld Heads market competition by top manufacturers, with production, price, revenue (value) and market share for each manufacturer; the top players including

• Sunstone
• Amada Miyachi
• MacGregor

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Type I
• Type II

On the basis of the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, consumption (sales), market share and growth rate for each application, including

• Automotive
• Electronics
• Solar Cells
• Medical
• Other

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

Global Parallel Weld Heads Market Research Report 2018

1 PARALLEL WELD HEADS MARKET OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Parallel Weld Heads
1.2 Parallel Weld Heads Segment by Type (Product Category)
  1.2.1 Global Parallel Weld Heads Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (Product Category)(2013-2025)
  1.2.2 Global Parallel Weld Heads Production Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017
  1.2.3 Type I
  1.2.4 Type II
1.3 Global Parallel Weld Heads Segment by Application
  1.3.1 Parallel Weld Heads Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2013-2025)
  1.3.2 Automotive
  1.3.3 Electronics
  1.3.4 Solar Cells
  1.3.5 Medical
  1.3.6 Other
1.4 Global Parallel Weld Heads Market by Region (2013-2025)
  1.4.1 Global Parallel Weld Heads Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Region (2013-2025)
  1.4.2 North America Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.4 China Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.5 Japan Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.6 Southeast Asia Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.7 India Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Parallel Weld Heads (2013-2025)
  1.5.1 Global Parallel Weld Heads Revenue Status and Outlook (2013-2025)
  1.5.2 Global Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production Status and Outlook (2013-2025)

2 GLOBAL PARALLEL WELD HEADS MARKET COMPETITION BY MANUFACTURERS

2.1 Global Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production and Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018)
  2.1.1 Global Parallel Weld Heads Capacity and Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018)
  2.1.2 Global Parallel Weld Heads Production and Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018)
2.2 Global Parallel Weld Heads Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018)
2.3 Global Parallel Weld Heads Average Price by Manufacturers (2013-2018)
2.4 Manufacturers Parallel Weld Heads Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type
2.5 Parallel Weld Heads Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.5.1 Parallel Weld Heads Market Concentration Rate
  2.5.2 Parallel Weld Heads Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers
  2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 GLOBAL PARALLEL WELD HEADS CAPACITY, PRODUCTION, REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2013-2018)

3.1 Global Parallel Weld Heads Capacity and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.2 Global Parallel Weld Heads Production and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.3 Global Parallel Weld Heads Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.4 Global Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
3.5 North America Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
3.6 Europe Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
3.7 China Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
3.8 Japan Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
3.9 Southeast Asia Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
3.10 India Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

4 GLOBAL PARALLEL WELD HEADS SUPPLY (PRODUCTION), CONSUMPTION, EXPORT, IMPORT BY REGION (2013-2018)

4.1 Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption by Region (2013-2018)
4.2 North America Parallel Weld Heads Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2013-2018)
4.3 Europe Parallel Weld Heads Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2013-2018)
4.4 China Parallel Weld Heads Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2013-2018)
4.5 Japan Parallel Weld Heads Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2013-2018)
4.6 Southeast Asia Parallel Weld Heads Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2013-2018)
4.7 India Parallel Weld Heads Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2013-2018)

5 GLOBAL PARALLEL WELD HEADS PRODUCTION, REVENUE (VALUE), PRICE TREND BY TYPE

5.1 Global Parallel Weld Heads Production and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
5.2 Global Parallel Weld Heads Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
5.3 Global Parallel Weld Heads Price by Type (2013-2018)
5.4 Global Parallel Weld Heads Production Growth by Type (2013-2018)

6 GLOBAL PARALLEL WELD HEADS MARKET ANALYSIS BY APPLICATION

6.1 Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
6.2 Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
6.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities
  6.3.1 Potential Applications
  6.3.2 Emerging Markets/Countries

7 GLOBAL PARALLEL WELD HEADS MANUFACTURERS PROFILES/ANALYSIS

7.1 Sunstone
  7.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
  7.1.2 Parallel Weld Heads Product Category, Application and Specification
    7.1.2.1 Product A
    7.1.2.2 Product B
  7.1.3 Sunstone Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  7.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.2 Amada Miyachi
  7.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
  7.2.2 Parallel Weld Heads Product Category, Application and Specification
    7.2.2.1 Product A
    7.2.2.2 Product B
  7.2.3 Amada Miyachi Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  7.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.3 MacGregor
  7.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
  7.3.2 Parallel Weld Heads Product Category, Application and Specification
    7.3.2.1 Product A
    7.3.2.2 Product B
  7.3.3 MacGregor Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  7.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview

8 PARALLEL WELD HEADS MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

8.1 Parallel Weld Heads Key Raw Materials Analysis
  8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  8.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  8.2.1 Raw Materials
  8.2.2 Labor Cost
  8.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Parallel Weld Heads

9 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

9.1 Parallel Weld Heads Industrial Chain Analysis
9.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
9.3 Raw Materials Sources of Parallel Weld Heads Major Manufacturers in 2017
9.4 Downstream Buyers

10 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

10.1 Marketing Channel
  10.1.1 Direct Marketing
  10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
  10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  10.2.2 Brand Strategy
  10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List

11 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

11.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  11.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  11.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
11.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
11.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

12 GLOBAL PARALLEL WELD HEADS MARKET FORECAST (2018-2025)

12.1 Global Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production, Revenue Forecast (2018-2025)
  12.1.1 Global Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
  12.1.2 Global Parallel Weld Heads Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
  12.1.3 Global Parallel Weld Heads Price and Trend Forecast (2018-2025)
12.2 Global Parallel Weld Heads Production, Consumption, Import and Export Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
  12.2.1 North America Parallel Weld Heads Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2018-2025)
  12.2.2 Europe Parallel Weld Heads Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2018-2025)
  12.2.3 China Parallel Weld Heads Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2018-2025)
  12.2.4 Japan Parallel Weld Heads Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2018-2025)
  12.2.5 Southeast Asia Parallel Weld Heads Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2018-2025)
  12.2.6 India Parallel Weld Heads Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2018-2025)
12.3 Global Parallel Weld Heads Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
12.4 Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption Forecast by Application (2018-2025)

13 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

14 APPENDIX

14.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  14.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  14.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  14.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
14.2 Data Source
  14.2.1 Secondary Sources
  14.2.2 Primary Sources
14.3 Disclaimer


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Picture of Parallel Weld Heads
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Production (K Units) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Types (Product Category) (2013-2025)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Production Market Share by Types (Product Category) in 2017
Figure Product Picture of Type I
Table Major Manufacturers of Type I
Figure Product Picture of Type II
Table Major Manufacturers of Type II
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption (K Units) by Applications (2013-2025)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2017
Figure Automotive Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Automotive
Figure Electronics Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Electronics
Figure Solar Cells Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Solar Cells
Figure Medical Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Medical
Figure Other Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Other
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Market Size (Million USD), Comparison (K Units) and CAGR (%) by Regions (2013-2025)
Figure North America Parallel Weld Heads Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Europe Parallel Weld Heads Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure China Parallel Weld Heads Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Japan Parallel Weld Heads Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Parallel Weld Heads Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure India Parallel Weld Heads Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Revenue (Million USD) Status and Outlook (2013-2025)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production (K Units) Status and Outlook (2013-2025)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Major Players Product Capacity (K Units) (2013-2018)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in 2017
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in 2018
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Major Players Product Production (K Units) (2013-2018)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Production (K Units) of Key Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Production Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 Parallel Weld Heads Production Share by Manufacturers
Figure 2017 Parallel Weld Heads Production Share by Manufacturers
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2013-2018)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Table 2017 Global Parallel Weld Heads Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table 2018 Global Parallel Weld Heads Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table Global Market Parallel Weld Heads Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Figure Global Market Parallel Weld Heads Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2017
Table Manufacturers Parallel Weld Heads Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table Manufacturers Parallel Weld Heads Product Category
Figure Parallel Weld Heads Market Share of Top 3 Manufacturers
Figure Parallel Weld Heads Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Capacity (K Units) by Region (2013-2018)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Capacity Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Capacity Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 Global Parallel Weld Heads Capacity Market Share by Region
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Production by Region (2013-2018)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Production (K Units) by Region (2013-2018)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Production Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 Global Parallel Weld Heads Production Market Share by Region
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Revenue (Million USD) by Region (2013-2018)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Revenue Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Revenue Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Table 2017 Global Parallel Weld Heads Revenue Market Share by Region
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table North America Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table Europe Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table China Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table Japan Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table Southeast Asia Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table India Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption (K Units) Market by Region (2013-2018)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption (K Units) Market Share by Region
Table North America Parallel Weld Heads Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K Units) (2013-2018)
Table Europe Parallel Weld Heads Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K Units) (2013-2018)
Table China Parallel Weld Heads Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K Units) (2013-2018)
Table Japan Parallel Weld Heads Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K Units) (2013-2018)
Table Southeast Asia Parallel Weld Heads Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K Units) (2013-2018)
Table India Parallel Weld Heads Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K Units) (2013-2018)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Production (K Units) by Type (2013-2018)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Production Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Production Market Share of Parallel Weld Heads by Type (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 Production Market Share of Parallel Weld Heads by Type
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Revenue (Million USD) by Type (2013-2018)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Production Revenue Share of Parallel Weld Heads by Type (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 Revenue Market Share of Parallel Weld Heads by Type
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Production Growth by Type (2013-2018)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption (K Units) by Application (2013-2018)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption Market Share by Applications (2013-2018)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption Market Share by Application in 2017
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Table Sunstone Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Sunstone Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Sunstone Parallel Weld Heads Production Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Sunstone Parallel Weld Heads Production Market Share (2013-2018)
Figure Sunstone Parallel Weld Heads Revenue Market Share (2013-2018)
Table Amada Miyachi Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Amada Miyachi Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Amada Miyachi Parallel Weld Heads Production Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Amada Miyachi Parallel Weld Heads Production Market Share (2013-2018)
Figure Amada Miyachi Parallel Weld Heads Revenue Market Share (2013-2018)
Table MacGregor Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table MacGregor Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure MacGregor Parallel Weld Heads Production Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure MacGregor Parallel Weld Heads Production Market Share (2013-2018)
Figure MacGregor Parallel Weld Heads Revenue Market Share (2013-2018)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Parallel Weld Heads
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Parallel Weld Heads
Figure Parallel Weld Heads Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Parallel Weld Heads Major Manufacturers in 2017
Table Major Buyers of Parallel Weld Heads
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Capacity, Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Price (Million USD) and Trend Forecast (2018-2025)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption Market Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Figure North America Parallel Weld Heads Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure North America Parallel Weld Heads Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Table North America Parallel Weld Heads Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K Units) Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure Europe Parallel Weld Heads Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure Europe Parallel Weld Heads Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Table Europe Parallel Weld Heads Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K Units) Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure China Parallel Weld Heads Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure China Parallel Weld Heads Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Table China Parallel Weld Heads Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K Units) Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure Japan Parallel Weld Heads Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure Japan Parallel Weld Heads Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Table Japan Parallel Weld Heads Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K Units) Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Parallel Weld Heads Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Parallel Weld Heads Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Table Southeast Asia Parallel Weld Heads Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K Units) Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure India Parallel Weld Heads Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure India Parallel Weld Heads Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Table India Parallel Weld Heads Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K Units) Forecast (2018-2025)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Production (K Units) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Production (K Units) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Price Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Table Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure Global Parallel Weld Heads Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Source