Global Industrial Fasteners Market Research Report 2017

January 2017 | 121 pages | ID: GAC0036FDBEEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

Notes:

Production, means the output of Industrial Fasteners

Revenue, means the sales value of Industrial Fasteners

This report studies Industrial Fasteners in Global market, especially in North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India, focuses on top manufacturers in global market, with capacity, production, price, revenue and market share for each manufacturer, covering

• Aoyama Seisakusho Company Limited
• Doncasters Group
• GmbH & Company KG
• Doncasters Group Limited
• Pentair
• Raymond (A.) Group
• Berkshire Hathaway
• Hilti AG
• Aoyama Seisakusho
• Nucor Corporation

Market Segment by Regions, this report splits Global into several key Regions, with production, consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate of Industrial Fasteners in these regions, from 2011 to 2021 (forecast), like

• North America
• Europe
• China
• Japan
• Southeast Asia
• India

Split by product type, with production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, can be divided into

• Metals
• Plastics
• Other

Split by application, this report focuses on consumption, market share and growth rate of Industrial Fasteners in each application, can be divided into

• Motor Vehicles
• Machinery
• Aerospace
• Fabricated Metal Products
• Electrical & Electronic Products

Contents

Global Industrial Fasteners Market Research Report 2017

1 INDUSTRIAL FASTENERS MARKET OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Industrial Fasteners
1.2 Industrial Fasteners Segment by Type
  1.2.1 Global Production Market Share of Industrial Fasteners by Type in 2015
  1.2.2 Metals
  1.2.3 Plastics
  1.2.4 Other
1.3 Industrial Fasteners Segment by Application
  1.3.1 Industrial Fasteners Consumption Market Share by Application in 2015
  1.3.2 Motor Vehicles
  1.3.3 Machinery
  1.3.4 Aerospace
  1.3.5 Fabricated Metal Products
  1.3.6 Electrical & Electronic Products
1.4 Industrial Fasteners Market by Region
  1.4.1 North America Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.2 Europe Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.3 China Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.4 Japan Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.5 Southeast Asia Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.6 India Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Industrial Fasteners (2011-2021)

2 GLOBAL INDUSTRIAL FASTENERS MARKET COMPETITION BY MANUFACTURERS

2.1 Global Industrial Fasteners Production and Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
2.2 Global Industrial Fasteners Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
2.3 Global Industrial Fasteners Average Price by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
2.4 Manufacturers Industrial Fasteners Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type
2.5 Industrial Fasteners Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.5.1 Industrial Fasteners Market Concentration Rate
  2.5.2 Industrial Fasteners Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers
  2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 GLOBAL INDUSTRIAL FASTENERS PRODUCTION, REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2011-2016)

3.1 Global Industrial Fasteners Production by Region (2011-2016)
3.2 Global Industrial Fasteners Production Market Share by Region (2011-2016)
3.3 Global Industrial Fasteners Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2011-2016)
3.4 Global Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
3.5 North America Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
3.6 Europe Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
3.7 China Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
3.8 Japan Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
3.9 Southeast Asia Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
3.10 India Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

4 GLOBAL INDUSTRIAL FASTENERS SUPPLY (PRODUCTION), CONSUMPTION, EXPORT, IMPORT BY REGIONS (2011-2016)

4.1 Global Industrial Fasteners Consumption by Regions (2011-2016)
4.2 North America Industrial Fasteners Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2011-2016)
4.3 Europe Industrial Fasteners Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2011-2016)
4.4 China Industrial Fasteners Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2011-2016)
4.5 Japan Industrial Fasteners Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2011-2016)
4.6 Southeast Asia Industrial Fasteners Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2011-2016)
4.7 India Industrial Fasteners Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2011-2016)

5 GLOBAL INDUSTRIAL FASTENERS PRODUCTION, REVENUE (VALUE), PRICE TREND BY TYPE

5.1 Global Industrial Fasteners Production and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
5.2 Global Industrial Fasteners Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
5.3 Global Industrial Fasteners Price by Type (2011-2016)
5.4 Global Industrial Fasteners Production Growth by Type (2011-2016)

6 GLOBAL INDUSTRIAL FASTENERS MARKET ANALYSIS BY APPLICATION

6.1 Global Industrial Fasteners Consumption and Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
6.2 Global Industrial Fasteners Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2011-2016)
6.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities
  6.3.1 Potential Applications
  6.3.2 Emerging Markets/Countries

7 GLOBAL INDUSTRIAL FASTENERS MANUFACTURERS PROFILES/ANALYSIS

7.1 Aoyama Seisakusho Company Limited
  7.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.1.2 Industrial Fasteners Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.1.2.1 Metals
    7.1.2.2 Plastics
  7.1.3 Aoyama Seisakusho Company Limited Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.2 Doncasters Group
  7.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.2.2 Industrial Fasteners Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.2.2.1 Metals
    7.2.2.2 Plastics
  7.2.3 Doncasters Group Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.3 GmbH & Company KG
  7.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.3.2 Industrial Fasteners Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.3.2.1 Metals
    7.3.2.2 Plastics
  7.3.3 GmbH & Company KG Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.4 Doncasters Group Limited
  7.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.4.2 Industrial Fasteners Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.4.2.1 Metals
    7.4.2.2 Plastics
  7.4.3 Doncasters Group Limited Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.5 Pentair
  7.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.5.2 Industrial Fasteners Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.5.2.1 Metals
    7.5.2.2 Plastics
  7.5.3 Pentair Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.6 Raymond (A.) Group
  7.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.6.2 Industrial Fasteners Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.6.2.1 Metals
    7.6.2.2 Plastics
  7.6.3 Raymond (A.) Group Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.7 Berkshire Hathaway
  7.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.7.2 Industrial Fasteners Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.7.2.1 Metals
    7.7.2.2 Plastics
  7.7.3 Berkshire Hathaway Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.8 Hilti AG
  7.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.8.2 Industrial Fasteners Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.8.2.1 Metals
    7.8.2.2 Plastics
  7.8.3 Hilti AG Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.9 Aoyama Seisakusho
  7.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.9.2 Industrial Fasteners Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.9.2.1 Metals
    7.9.2.2 Plastics
  7.9.3 Aoyama Seisakusho Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.10 Nucor Corporation
  7.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.10.2 Industrial Fasteners Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.10.2.1 Metals
    7.10.2.2 Plastics
  7.10.3 Nucor Corporation Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview

8 INDUSTRIAL FASTENERS MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

8.1 Industrial Fasteners Key Raw Materials Analysis
  8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  8.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  8.2.1 Raw Materials
  8.2.2 Labor Cost
  8.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Industrial Fasteners

9 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

9.1 Industrial Fasteners Industrial Chain Analysis
9.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
9.3 Raw Materials Sources of Industrial Fasteners Major Manufacturers in 2015
9.4 Downstream Buyers

10 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

10.1 Marketing Channel
  10.1.1 Direct Marketing
  10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
  10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  10.2.2 Brand Strategy
  10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List

11 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

11.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  11.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  11.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
11.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
11.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

12 GLOBAL INDUSTRIAL FASTENERS MARKET FORECAST (2016-2021)

12.1 Global Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue and Price Forecast (2016-2021)
  12.1.1 Global Industrial Fasteners Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
  12.1.2 Global Industrial Fasteners Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
  12.1.3 Global Industrial Fasteners Price and Trend Forecast (2016-2021)
12.2 Global Industrial Fasteners Production, Consumption , Import and Export Forecast by Regions (2016-2021)
  12.2.1 North America Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
  12.2.2 Europe Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
  12.2.3 China Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
  12.2.4 Japan Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
  12.2.5 Southeast Asia Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
  12.2.6 India Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
12.3 Global Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
12.4 Global Industrial Fasteners Consumption Forecast by Application (2016-2021)

13 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

14 APPENDIX

Methodology
Analyst Introduction
Data Source

The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Picture of Industrial Fasteners
Figure Global Production Market Share of Industrial Fasteners by Type in 2015
Figure Product Picture of Metals
Table Major Manufacturers of Metals
Figure Product Picture of Plastics
Table Major Manufacturers of Plastics
Figure Product Picture of Other
Table Major Manufacturers of Other
Table Industrial Fasteners Consumption Market Share by Application in 2015
Figure Motor Vehicles Examples
Figure Machinery Examples
Figure Aerospace Examples
Figure Fabricated Metal Products Examples
Figure Electrical & Electronic Products Examples
Figure North America Industrial Fasteners Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Europe Industrial Fasteners Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure China Industrial Fasteners Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Japan Industrial Fasteners Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Southeast Asia Industrial Fasteners Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure India Industrial Fasteners Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Global Industrial Fasteners Revenue (Million UDS) and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Capacity of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Figure Global Industrial Fasteners Capacity of Key Manufacturers in 2015
Figure Global Industrial Fasteners Capacity of Key Manufacturers in 2016
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Production of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Production Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Figure 2015 Industrial Fasteners Production Share by Manufacturers
Figure 2016 Industrial Fasteners Production Share by Manufacturers
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table 2015 Global Industrial Fasteners Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table 2016 Global Industrial Fasteners Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table Global Market Industrial Fasteners Average Price of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Figure Global Market Industrial Fasteners Average Price of Key Manufacturers in 2015
Table Manufacturers Industrial Fasteners Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table Manufacturers Industrial Fasteners Product Type
Figure Industrial Fasteners Market Share of Top 3 Manufacturers
Figure Industrial Fasteners Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Capacity by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Global Industrial Fasteners Capacity Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Global Industrial Fasteners Capacity Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure 2015 Global Industrial Fasteners Capacity Market Share by Regions
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Production by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Global Industrial Fasteners Production and Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Global Industrial Fasteners Production Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure 2015 Global Industrial Fasteners Production Market Share by Regions
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Revenue by Regions (2011-2016)
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Revenue Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Table 2015 Global Industrial Fasteners Revenue Market Share by Regions
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table North America Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Europe Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table China Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Japan Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Southeast Asia Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table India Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Consumption Market by Regions (2011-2016)
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Consumption Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Global Industrial Fasteners Consumption Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure 2015 Global Industrial Fasteners Consumption Market Share by Regions
Table North America Industrial Fasteners Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2011-2016)
Table Europe Industrial Fasteners Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2011-2016)
Table China Industrial Fasteners Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2011-2016)
Table Japan Industrial Fasteners Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2011-2016)
Table Southeast Asia Industrial Fasteners Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2011-2016)
Table India Industrial Fasteners Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2011-2016)
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Production by Type (2011-2016)
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Production Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Production Market Share of Industrial Fasteners by Type (2011-2016)
Figure 2015 Production Market Share of Industrial Fasteners by Type
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Revenue by Type (2011-2016)
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Revenue Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Production Revenue Share of Industrial Fasteners by Type (2011-2016)
Figure 2015 Revenue Market Share of Industrial Fasteners by Type
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Price by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Global Industrial Fasteners Production Growth by Type (2011-2016)
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Consumption by Application (2011-2016)
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Consumption Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Global Industrial Fasteners Consumption Market Share by Application in 2015
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Global Industrial Fasteners Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2011-2016)
Table Aoyama Seisakusho Company Limited Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Aoyama Seisakusho Company Limited Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure Aoyama Seisakusho Company Limited Industrial Fasteners Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table Doncasters Group Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Doncasters Group Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure Doncasters Group Industrial Fasteners Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table GmbH & Company KG Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table GmbH & Company KG Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure GmbH & Company KG Industrial Fasteners Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table Doncasters Group Limited Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Doncasters Group Limited Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure Doncasters Group Limited Industrial Fasteners Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table Pentair Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Pentair Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure Pentair Industrial Fasteners Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table Raymond (A.) Group Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Raymond (A.) Group Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure Raymond (A.) Group Industrial Fasteners Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table Berkshire Hathaway Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Berkshire Hathaway Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure Berkshire Hathaway Industrial Fasteners Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table Hilti AG Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Hilti AG Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure Hilti AG Industrial Fasteners Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table Aoyama Seisakusho Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Aoyama Seisakusho Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure Aoyama Seisakusho Industrial Fasteners Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table Nucor Corporation Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Nucor Corporation Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure Nucor Corporation Industrial Fasteners Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Industrial Fasteners
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Industrial Fasteners
Figure Industrial Fasteners Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Industrial Fasteners Major Manufacturers in 2015
Table Major Buyers of Industrial Fasteners
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure Global Industrial Fasteners Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Global Industrial Fasteners Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Global Industrial Fasteners Price and Trend Forecast (2016-2021)
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Production Forecast by Regions (2016-2021)
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Consumption Forecast by Regions (2016-2021)
Figure North America Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table North America Industrial Fasteners Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Europe Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table Europe Industrial Fasteners Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure China Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table China Industrial Fasteners Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Japan Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table Japan Industrial Fasteners Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Southeast Asia Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table Southeast Asia Industrial Fasteners Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure India Industrial Fasteners Production, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table India Industrial Fasteners Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Production Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Revenue Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Price Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
Table Global Industrial Fasteners Consumption Forecast by Application (2016-2021)