Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Industry Market Analysis & Forecast 2018-2023

June 2019 | 100 pages | ID: G491D11FAB1EN
S&P Consulting

Abstracts

In the Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Industry Market Analysis & Forecast 2018-2023, the revenue is valued at USD XX million in 2017 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2023, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2018 and 2023. The production is estimated at XX million in 2017 and is forecasted to reach XX million by the end of 2023, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2018 and 2023.

It covers Regional Segment Analysis, Type, Appliction, Major Manufactures, Industry Chain Analysis, Competitive Insights and Macroeconomic Analysis.

Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market: Regional Segment Analysis

• North America
• Europe
• China
• Japan
• Southeast Asia
• India

The Major players reported in the market include:

• company 1
• company 2
• company 3
• company 4
• company 5
• company 6
• company 7
• company 8
• company 9

Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market: Product Segment Analysis

• Type 1
• Type 2
• Type 3

Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market: Application Segment Analysis

• Application 1
• Application 2
• Application 3

Reasons for Buying this Report

• This report provides pin-point analysis for changing competitive dynamics
• It provides a forward looking perspective on different factors driving or restraining market growth
• It provides a six-year forecast assessed on the basis of how the market is predicted to grow
• It helps in understanding the key product segments and their future
• It provides pin point analysis of changing competition dynamics and keeps you ahead of competitors
• It helps in making informed business decisions by having complete insights of market and by making in-depth analysis of market segments

Contents

Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Industry Market Analysis & Forecast 2018-2023

CHAPTER 1 HOT DIE FORGING HYDRAULIC PRESS MARKET OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press
1.2 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market Segmentation by Type in 2016
  1.2.1 Global Production Market Share of Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press by Type in 2016
  1.2.1 Type
  1.2.2 Type
  1.2.3 Type
1.3 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market Segmentation by Application in 2016
  1.3.1 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Consumption Market Share by Application in 2016
  1.3.2 Application
  1.3.3 Application
  1.3.4 Application
1.4 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market Segmentation by Regions
  1.4.1 North America
  1.4.2 China
  1.4.3 Europe
  1.4.4 Southeast Asia
  1.4.5 Japan
  1.4.6 India
1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press (2013-2023)
  1.5.1 Global Product Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
  1.5.2 Global Product Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL ECONOMIC IMPACT ON HOT DIE FORGING HYDRAULIC PRESS INDUSTRY

2.1 Global Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
  2.1.1 Global Macroeconomic Analysis
  2.1.2 Global Macroeconomic Environment Development Trend
2.2 Global Macroeconomic Environment Analysis by Regions

CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL HOT DIE FORGING HYDRAULIC PRESS MARKET COMPETITION BY MANUFACTURERS

3.1 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production and Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
3.2 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
3.3 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Average Price by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
3.4 Manufacturers Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Manufacturing Base Distribution, Production Area and Product Type
3.5 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  3.5.1 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market Concentration Rate
  3.5.2 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers
  3.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL HOT DIE FORGING HYDRAULIC PRESS PRODUCTION, REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2013-2018)

4.1 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production by Region (2013-2018)
4.2 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
4.3 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
4.4 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
4.5 North America Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  4.5.1 North AmericaHot Die Forging Hydraulic PressProduction and Market Share by Manufacturers
  4.5.2 North AmericaHot Die Forging Hydraulic PressProduction and Market Share by Type
  4.5.3 North AmericaHot Die Forging Hydraulic PressProduction and Market Share by Application
4.6 Europe Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  4.6.1 EuropeHot Die Forging Hydraulic PressProduction and Market Share by Manufacturers
  4.6.2 Europe Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production and Market Share by Type
  4.6.3 Europe Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production and Market Share by Application
4.7 China Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  4.7.1 ChinaHot Die Forging Hydraulic PressProduction and Market Share by Manufacturers
  4.7.2 China Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production and Market Share by Type
  4.7.3 China Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production and Market Share by Application
4.8 Japan Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  4.8.1 Japan Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production and Market Share by Manufacturers
  4.8.2 Japan Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production and Market Share by Type
  4.8.3 Japan Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production and Market Share by Application
4.9 Southeast Asia Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  4.9.1 Southeast Asia Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production and Market Share by Manufacturers
  4.9.2 Southeast Asia Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production and Market Share by Type
  4.9.3 Southeast Asia Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production and Market Share by Application
4.10 India Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  4.10.1 India Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production and Market Share by Manufacturers
  4.10.2 India Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production and Market Share by Type
  4.10.3 India Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production and Market Share by Application

CHAPTER 5 GLOBAL HOT DIE FORGING HYDRAULIC PRESS SUPPLY (PRODUCTION), CONSUMPTION, EXPORT, IMPORT BY REGIONS (2013-2018)

5.1 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Consumption by Regions (2013-2018)
5.2 North America Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)
5.3 Europe Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)
5.4 China Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)
5.5 Japan Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)
5.6 Southeast Asia Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)
5.7 India Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2013-2018)

CHAPTER 6 GLOBAL HOT DIE FORGING HYDRAULIC PRESS PRODUCTION, REVENUE (VALUE), PRICE TREND BY TYPE

6.1 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
6.2 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
6.3 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Price by Type (2013-2018)
6.4 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production Growth by Type (2013-2018)

CHAPTER 7 GLOBAL HOT DIE FORGING HYDRAULIC PRESS MARKET ANALYSIS BY APPLICATION

7.1 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Consumption and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
7.2 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
7.3 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
7.4 Market Drivers and Opportunities
  7.4.1 Potential Applications
  7.4.2 Emerging Markets/Countries

CHAPTER 8 GLOBAL HOT DIE FORGING HYDRAULIC PRESS MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS

8.1 company
  8.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  8.1.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  8.1.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  8.1.4 Business Overview
8.2 company
  8.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  8.2.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  8.2.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  8.2.4 Business Overview
8.3 company
  8.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  8.3.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  8.3.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  8.3.4 Business Overview
8.4 company
  8.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  8.4.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  8.4.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  8.4.4 Business Overview
8.5 company
  8.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  8.5.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  8.5.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  8.5.4 Business Overview
8.6 company
  8.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  8.6.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  8.6.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  8.6.4 Business Overview
8.7 company
  8.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  8.7.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  8.7.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  8.7.4 Business Overview
8.8 company
  8.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  8.8.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  8.8.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  8.8.4 Business Overview
8.9 company
  8.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  8.9.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  8.9.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  8.9.4 Business Overview

CHAPTER 9 HOT DIE FORGING HYDRAULIC PRESS MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

9.1 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Key Raw Materials Analysis
  9.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  9.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  9.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  9.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
9.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  9.2.1 Raw Materials
  9.2.2 Labor Cost
  9.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
9.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press

CHAPTER 10 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

10.1 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Industrial Chain Analysis
10.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
10.3 Raw Materials Sources of Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Major Manufacturers in 2016
10.4 Downstream Buyers

CHAPTER 11 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

11.1 Marketing Channel
  11.1.1 Direct Marketing
  11.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  11.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
11.2 Market Positioning
  11.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  11.2.2 Brand Strategy
  11.2.3 Target Client
11.3 Distributors/Traders List

CHAPTER 12 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

12.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  12.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  12.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
12.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
12.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

CHAPTER 13 GLOBAL HOT DIE FORGING HYDRAULIC PRESS MARKET FORECAST (2018-2023)

13.1 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue Forecast (2018-2023)
13.2 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Consumption Forecast by Regions (2018-2023)
13.3 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production Forecast by Type (2018-2023)
13.4 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Consumption Forecast by Application (2018-2023)
13.5 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Price Forecast (2018-2023)

CHAPTER 14 APPENDIX

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Picture of Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press
Figure Global Production Market Share of Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press by Type 2016
Figure Product Picture of Type I
Table Major Manufacturers of Type I
Figure Product Picture of Type II
Table Major Manufacturers of Type II
Figure Product Picture of Type III
Table Major Manufacturers of Type III
Table Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Consumption Market Share by Application in 2016
Figure Application 1 Examples
Figure Application 2 Examples
Figure Application 3 Examples
Figure North America Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure Europe Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure China Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure Japan Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure Southeast Asia Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure India Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue (Million UDS) and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Capacity of Key Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Figure Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Capacity of Key Manufacturers in 2016
Figure Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Capacity of Key Manufacturers in 2017
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production of Key Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Figure 2015 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production Share by Manufacturers
Figure 2016 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production Share by Manufacturers
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table 2015 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table 2016 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table Global Market Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Average Price of Key Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Figure Global Market Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Average Price of Key Manufacturers in 2016
Table Manufacturers Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table Manufacturers Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Product Type
Figure Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market Share of Top 3 Manufacturers
Figure Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Capacity by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Capacity Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Capacity Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure 2015 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Capacity Market Share by Regions
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production and Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure 2015 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production Market Share by Regions
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue by Regions (2013-2018)
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)
Table 2015 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue Market Share by Regions
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table North America Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table Europe Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table China Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table Japan Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table Southeast Asia Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table India Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Consumption Market by Regions (2013-2018)
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Consumption Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Consumption Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure 2015 Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Consumption Market Share by Regions
Table North America Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)
Table Europe Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)
Table China Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)
Table Japan Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)
Table Southeast Asia Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)
Table India Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2013-2018)
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production by Type (2013-2018)
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Production Market Share of Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press by Type (2013-2018)
Figure 2015 Production Market Share of Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press by Type
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue by Type (2013-2018)
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Production Revenue Share of Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press by Type (2013-2018)
Figure 2015 Revenue Market Share of Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press by Type
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Price by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production Growth by Type (2013-2018)
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Consumption by Application (2013-2018)
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Consumption Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Consumption Market Share by Application in 2016
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Figure Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Table company 1 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors
Table company 1 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table company 1 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market Share (2013-2018)
Table company 2 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors
Table company 2 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table company 2 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market Share (2013-2018)
Table company 3 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors
Table company 3 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table company 3 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market Share (2013-2018)
Table company 4 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors
Table company 4 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table company 4 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market Share (2013-2018)
Table company 5 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors
Table company 5 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table company 5 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market Share (2013-2018)
Table company 6 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors
Table company 6 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table company 6 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market Share (2013-2018)
Table company 7 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors
Table company 7 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table company 7 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market Share (2013-2018)
Table company 8 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors
Table company 8 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table company 8 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market Share (2013-2018)
Table company 9 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Production Area and Its Competitors
Table company 9 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table company 9 Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Market Share (2013-2018)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press
Figure Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Major Manufacturers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)
Figure Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production Forecast by Regions (2018-2023)
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Consumption Forecast by Regions (2018-2023)
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Production Forecast by Type (2018-2023)
Table Global Hot Die Forging Hydraulic Press Consumption Forecast by Application (2018-2023)