Europe Wire Rope Sling Industry Market Analysis & Forecast 2018-2023

June 2018 | 132 pages | ID: E92B63C301EEN
S&P Consulting

Abstracts

In the Europe Wire Rope Sling Industry Market Analysis & Forecast 2018-2023, the revenue is valued at USD XX million in 2017 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2023, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2018 and 2023. The production is estimated at XX million in 2017 and is forecasted to reach XX million by the end of 2023, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2018 and 2023.

It covers Regional Segment Analysis, Type, Appliction, Major Manufactures, Industry Chain Analysis, Competitive Insights and Macroeconomic Analysis.

Europe Wire Rope Sling Market Analysis by Countries:
Germany
France
UK
Russia
Italy
Spain
Benelux

The Major players reported in the market include:
Lift-All
Super Slings
Certex
Midco Sling
UNIROPE
Page Wire Rope
Mid-America Rigging
WireCo
Gunnebo Industrie

Europe Wire Rope Sling Market Analysis by Product:
8-Part Braided Slings
Cable Laid Slings
Others

Europe Wire Rope Sling Market Analysis by Application:
Offshore Service Equipment
Subsea Lifting Application
Others

Reasons for Buying this Report

• This report provides pin-point analysis for changing competitive dynamics
• It provides a forward looking perspective on different factors driving or restraining market growth
• It provides a six-year forecast assessed on the basis of how the market is predicted to grow
• It helps in understanding the key product segments and their future
• It provides pin point analysis of changing competition dynamics and keeps you ahead of competitors
• It helps in making informed business decisions by having complete insights of market and by making in-depth analysis of market segments

Contents

1 WIRE ROPE SLING MARKET OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Wire Rope Sling
1.2 Classification of Wire Rope Sling
  1.2.1 8-Part Braided Slings
  1.2.2 Cable Laid Slings
  1.2.3 Others
1.3 Application of Wire Rope Sling
  1.3.2 Offshore Service Equipment
  1.3.3 Subsea Lifting Application
  1.3.4 Others
1.4 Wire Rope Sling Market States Status and Prospect (2013-2023) by Countries
  1.4.1 Germany
  1.4.2 France
  1.4.3 UK
  1.4.4 Russia
  1.4.5 Italy
  1.4.6 Spain
  1.4.7 Benelux
1.5 Europe Market Size (Value and Volume) of Wire Rope Sling (2013-2023)
  1.5.1 Europe Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
  1.5.2 Europe Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2023)

2 EUROPE ECONOMIC IMPACT ON WIRE ROPE SLING INDUSTRY

2.1 Europe Macroeconomic Analysis
2.2 Europe Macroeconomic Environment Development Trend

3 WIRE ROPE SLING MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

3.1 Wire Rope Sling Key Raw Materials Analysis
  3.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  3.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  3.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  3.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
3.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  3.2.1 Raw Materials
  3.2.2 Labor Cost
  3.2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Wire Rope Sling

4 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

4.1 Wire Rope Sling Industrial Chain Analysis
4.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
4.3 Raw Materials Sources of Wire Rope Sling Major Manufacturers in 2016
4.4 Downstream Buyers

5 EUROPE WIRE ROPE SLING MARKET ANALYSIS BY MANUFACTURERS, TYPE AND APPLICATION

5.1 Europe Wire Rope Sling Market Competition by Manufacturers
  5.1.1 Europe Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
  5.1.2 Europe Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
5.2 Europe Wire Rope Sling (Volume and Value) by Type
  5.2.1 Europe Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
  5.2.2 Europe Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
5.3 Europe Wire Rope Sling (Volume and Value) by Countries
  5.3.1 Europe Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Countries (2013-2018)
  5.3.2 Europe Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Market Share by Countries (2013-2018)
5.4 Europe Wire Rope Sling (Volume) by Application

6 GERMANY WIRE ROPE SLING (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

6.1 Germany Wire Rope Sling Sales and Value (2013-2018)
  6.1.1 Germany Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  6.1.2 Germany Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  6.1.3 Germany Wire Rope Sling Sales Price Trend (2013-2018)
6.2 Germany Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
6.3 Germany Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Type
6.4 Germany Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Application

7 FRANCE WIRE ROPE SLING (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

7.1 France Wire Rope Sling Sales and Value (2013-2018)
  7.1.1 France Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  7.1.2 France Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  7.1.3 France Wire Rope Sling Sales Price Trend (2013-2018)
7.2 France Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
7.3 France Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Type
7.4 France Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Application

8 UK WIRE ROPE SLING (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

8.1 UK Wire Rope Sling Sales and Value (2013-2018)
  8.1.1 UK Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  8.1.2 UK Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  8.1.3 UK Wire Rope Sling Sales Price Trend (2013-2018)
8.2 UK Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
8.3 UK Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Type
8.4 UK Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Application

9 RUSSIA WIRE ROPE SLING (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

9.1 Russia Wire Rope Sling Sales and Value (2013-2018)
  9.1.1 Russia Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  9.1.2 Russia Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  9.1.3 Russia Wire Rope Sling Sales Price Trend (2013-2018)
9.2 Russia Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
9.3 Russia Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Type
9.4 Russia Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Application

10 ITALY WIRE ROPE SLING (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

10.1 Italy Wire Rope Sling Sales and Value (2013-2018)
  10.1.1 Italy Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  10.1.2 Italy Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  10.1.3 Italy Wire Rope Sling Sales Price Trend (2013-2018)
10.2 Italy Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
10.3 Italy Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Type
10.4 Italy Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Application

11 SPAIN WIRE ROPE SLING (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

11.1 Spain Wire Rope Sling Sales and Value (2013-2018)
  11.1.1 Spain Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  11.1.2 Spain Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  11.1.3 Spain Wire Rope Sling Sales Price Trend (2013-2018)
11.2 Spain Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
11.3 Spain Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Type
11.4 Spain Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Application

12 BENELUX WIRE ROPE SLING (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

12.1 Benelux Wire Rope Sling Sales and Value (2013-2018)
  12.1.1 Benelux Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  12.1.2 Benelux Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  12.1.3 Benelux Wire Rope Sling Sales Price Trend (2013-2018)
12.2 Benelux Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
12.3 Benelux Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Type
12.4 Benelux Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Application

13 EUROPE WIRE ROPE SLING MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS

13.1 Lift-All
  13.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.1.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.1.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  13.1.4 Business Overview
13.2 Super Slings
  13.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.2.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.2.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  13.2.4 Business Overview
13.3 Certex
  13.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.3.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.3.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  13.3.4 Business Overview
13.4 Midco Sling
  13.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.4.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.4.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  13.4.4 Business Overview
13.5 UNIROPE
  13.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.5.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.5.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  13.5.4 Business Overview
13.6 Page Wire Rope
  13.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.6.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.6.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  13.6.4 Business Overview
13.7 Mid-America Rigging
  13.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.7.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.7.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  13.7.4 Business Overview
13.8 WireCo
  13.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.8.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.8.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  13.8.4 Business Overview
13.9 Gunnebo Industrie
  13.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.9.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.9.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  13.9.4 Business Overview

13 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

13.1 Marketing Channel
  13.1.1 Direct Marketing
  13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  13.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
13.2 Market Positioning
  13.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  13.2.2 Brand Strategy
  13.2.3 Target Client
13.3 Distributors/Traders List

14 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

14.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  14.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  14.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
14.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
14.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

15 EUROPE WIRE ROPE SLING MARKET FORECAST (2018-2023)

15.1 Germany Market Forecast (2018-2023)
15.2 France Market Forecast (2018-2023)
15.3 UK Market Forecast (2018-2023)
15.4 Russia Market Forecast (2018-2023)
15.5 Italy Market Forecast (2018-2023)
15.6 Spain Market Forecast (2018-2023)
15.7 Benelux Market Forecast (2018-2023)
15.8 Europe Wire Rope Sling Market Forecast by Type (2018-2023)
15.9 Europe Wire Rope Sling Market Forecast by Application (2018-2023)

16 APPENDIX

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Picture of Wire Rope Sling
Table Classification of Wire Rope Sling
Figure Europe Sales Market Share of Wire Rope Sling by Type in 2016
Table Application of Wire Rope Sling
Figure Europe Sales Market Share of Wire Rope Sling by Application in 2016
Figure Germany Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure France Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure UK Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure Russia Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure Italy Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure Spain Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure Benelux Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure Europe Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Figure Europe Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2023)
Table Europe Wire Rope Sling Sales of Key Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table Europe Wire Rope Sling Sales Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Figure 2015 Wire Rope Sling Sales Share by Manufacturers
Figure 2016 Wire Rope Sling Sales Share by Manufacturers
Table Europe Wire Rope Sling Revenue by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table Europe Wire Rope Sling Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table 2015 Europe Wire Rope Sling Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table 2016 Europe Wire Rope Sling Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table Europe Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
Table Europe Wire Rope Sling Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Sales Market Share of Wire Rope Sling by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Europe Wire Rope Sling Sales Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018)
Table Europe Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
Table Europe Wire Rope Sling Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Wire Rope Sling by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Europe Wire Rope Sling Revenue Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018)
Table Europe Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Countries (2013-2018)
Table Europe Wire Rope Sling Sales Share by Countries (2013-2018)
Figure Sales Market Share of Wire Rope Sling by Countries (2013-2018)
Table Europe Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Market Share by Countries (2013-2018)
Table Europe Wire Rope Sling Revenue Share by Countries (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Wire Rope Sling by Countries (2013-2018)
Table Europe Wire Rope Sling Sales and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Table Europe Wire Rope Sling Sales Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure Sales Market Share of Wire Rope Sling by Application (2013-2018)
Figure Germany Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Germany Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Germany Wire Rope Sling Sales Price Trend (2013-2018)
Table Germany Wire Rope Sling Sales by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table Germany Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table Germany Wire Rope Sling Sales by Type (2016 and 2017)
Table Germany Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Type (2016 and 2017)
Table Germany Wire Rope Sling Sales by Application (2016 and 2017)
Table Germany Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Application (2016 and 2017)
Figure France Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure France Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure France Wire Rope Sling Sales Price Trend (2013-2018)
Table France Wire Rope Sling Sales by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table France Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table France Wire Rope Sling Sales by Type (2016 and 2017)
Table France Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Type (2016 and 2017)
Table France Wire Rope Sling Sales by Application (2016 and 2017)
Table France Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Application (2016 and 2017)
Figure UK Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure UK Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure UK Wire Rope Sling Sales Price Trend (2013-2018)
Table UK Wire Rope Sling Sales by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table UK Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table UK Wire Rope Sling Sales by Type (2016 and 2017)
Table UK Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Type (2016 and 2017)
Table UK Wire Rope Sling Sales by Application (2016 and 2017)
Table UK Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Application (2016 and 2017)
Figure Russia Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Russia Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Russia Wire Rope Sling Sales Price Trend (2013-2018)
Table Russia Wire Rope Sling Sales by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table Russia Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table Russia Wire Rope Sling Sales by Type (2016 and 2017)
Table Russia Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Type (2016 and 2017)
Table Russia Wire Rope Sling Sales by Application (2016 and 2017)
Table Russia Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Application (2016 and 2017)
Figure Italy Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Italy Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Italy Wire Rope Sling Sales Price Trend (2013-2018)
Table Italy Wire Rope Sling Sales by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table Italy Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table Italy Wire Rope Sling Sales by Type (2016 and 2017)
Table Italy Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Type (2016 and 2017)
Table Italy Wire Rope Sling Sales by Application (2016 and 2017)
Table Italy Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Application (2016 and 2017)
Figure Spain Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Spain Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Spain Wire Rope Sling Sales Price Trend (2013-2018)
Table Spain Wire Rope Sling Sales by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table Spain Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table Spain Wire Rope Sling Sales by Type (2016 and 2017)
Table Spain Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Type (2016 and 2017)
Table Spain Wire Rope Sling Sales by Application (2016 and 2017)
Table Spain Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Application (2016 and 2017)
Figure Benelux Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Benelux Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Benelux Wire Rope Sling Sales Price Trend (2013-2018)
Table Benelux Wire Rope Sling Sales by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table Benelux Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Manufacturers (2016 and 2017)
Table Benelux Wire Rope Sling Sales by Type (2016 and 2017)
Table Benelux Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Type (2016 and 2017)
Table Benelux Wire Rope Sling Sales by Application (2016 and 2017)
Table Benelux Wire Rope Sling Market Share by Application (2016 and 2017)
Table Lift-All Basic Information List
Table Lift-All Wire Rope Sling Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Lift-All Wire Rope Sling Sales Market Share (2013-2018)
Table Super Slings Basic Information List
Table Super Slings Wire Rope Sling Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table Super Slings Wire Rope Sling Sales Market Share (2013-2018)
Table Certex Basic Information List
Table Certex Wire Rope Sling Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Certex Wire Rope Sling Sales Market Share (2013-2018)
Table Midco Sling Basic Information List
Table Midco Sling Wire Rope Sling Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table Midco Sling Wire Rope Sling Sales Market Share (2013-2018)
Table UNIROPE Basic Information List
Table UNIROPE Wire Rope Sling Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure UNIROPE Wire Rope Sling Sales Market Share (2013-2018)
Table Page Wire Rope Basic Information List
Table Page Wire Rope Wire Rope Sling Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table Page Wire Rope Wire Rope Sling Sales Market Share (2013-2018)
Table Mid-America Rigging Basic Information List
Table Mid-America Rigging Wire Rope Sling Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Mid-America Rigging Wire Rope Sling Sales Market Share (2013-2018)
Table WireCo Basic Information List
Table WireCo Wire Rope Sling Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Table WireCo Wire Rope Sling Sales Market Share (2013-2018)
Table Gunnebo Industrie Basic Information List
Table Gunnebo Industrie Wire Rope Sling Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Gunnebo Industrie Wire Rope Sling Sales Market Share (2013-2018).
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Wire Rope Sling
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Wire Rope Sling
Figure Wire Rope Sling Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Wire Rope Sling Major Manufacturers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Wire Rope Sling
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure Germany Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)
Figure Germany Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)
Figure France Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)
Figure France Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)
Figure UK Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)
Figure UK Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)
Figure Russia Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)
Figure Russia Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)
Figure Italy Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)
Figure Italy Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)
Figure Spain Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)
Figure Spain Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)
Figure Benelux Wire Rope Sling Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)
Figure Benelux Wire Rope Sling Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2023)
Table Europe Wire Rope Sling Sales Forecast by Type (2018-2023)
Table Europe Wire Rope Sling Sales Forecast by Application (2018-2023)

COMPANIES MENTIONED

Lift-All Super Slings Certex Midco Sling UNIROPE Page Wire Rope Mid-America Rigging WireCo Gunnebo Industrie