2012-2022 Report on United States Metal 3D Printer Market Competition, Status and Forecast, Market Size by Players, Regions, Type, Application

December 2017 | 126 pages | ID: 24A75A3603AEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

The global Metal 3D Printer market is valued at XX million USD in 2016 and is expected to reach XX million USD by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

United States plays an important role in global market, with market size of xx million USD in 2016 and will be xx million USD in 2022, with a CAGR of xx%.

This report studies the Metal 3D Printer development status and future trend in United States, focuses on top players in United States, also splits Metal 3D Printer by type and by applications, to fully and deeply research and reveal the market general situation and future forecast.

The major players in United States market include

• EOS GmbH
• Concept Laser GmbH
• SLM
• 3D Systems
• Arcam AB
• ReaLizer
• Renishaw
• Exone
• Wuhan Binhu
• Bright Laser Technologies
• Huake 3D
• Syndaya

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into six regions,

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest

On the basis of product, the Metal 3D Printer market is primarily split into

• DMLS
• DMP
• EBM
• LFM
• 3DP
• SLM
• SLS
• FDM
• Others

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report covers

• Automotive Industry
• Aerospace Industry
• Healthcare & Dental Industry
• Academic Institutions
• Others

Contents

1 METAL 3D PRINTER OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Metal 3D Printer
1.2 Classification of Metal 3D Printer by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) Comparison by Types (2012-2022)
  1.2.2 United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) Market Share by Types (Product Category) in 2016
  1.2.3 DMLS
  1.2.4 DMP
  1.2.5 EBM
  1.2.6 LFM
  1.2.7 3DP
  1.2.8 SLM
  1.2.9 SLS
  1.2.10 FDM
  1.2.11 Others
1.3 United States Metal 3D Printer Market by Applications/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) and Market Share Comparison by Applications (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 Automotive Industry
  1.3.3 Aerospace Industry
  1.3.4 Healthcare & Dental Industry
  1.3.5 Academic Institutions
  1.3.6 Others
1.4 United States Metal 3D Printer Market by Regions
  1.4.1 United States Metal 3D Printer Market Size (Million USD) Comparison by Regions (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 The West Metal 3D Printer Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 Southwest Metal 3D Printer Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Metal 3D Printer Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 New England Metal 3D Printer Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 The South of US Metal 3D Printer Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Metal 3D Printer Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 United States Market Size (Sales and Revenue) of Metal 3D Printer (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2022)
  1.5.2 United States Metal 3D Printer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 UNITED STATES METAL 3D PRINTER MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/MANUFACTURERS

2.1 United States Metal 3D Printer Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
2.2 United States Metal 3D Printer Revenue and Share by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
2.3 United States Metal 3D Printer Average Price (USD/Unit) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
2.4 United States Metal 3D Printer Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Metal 3D Printer Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Metal 3D Printer Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Manufacturers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Manufacturers Metal 3D Printer Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Types

3 UNITED STATES METAL 3D PRINTER SALES AND REVENUE BY REGIONS (2012-2017)

3.1 United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) and Market Share by Regions (2012-2017)
3.2 United States Metal 3D Printer Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Regions (2012-2017)
3.3 United States Metal 3D Printer Price (USD/Unit) by Regions (2012-2017)

4 UNITED STATES METAL 3D PRINTER SALES AND REVENUE BY TYPE/ PRODUCT CATEGORY (2012-2017)

4.1 United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) and Market Share by Type/ Product Category (2012-2017)
4.2 United States Metal 3D Printer Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 United States Metal 3D Printer Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Growth Rate (%) (%) by Type (2012-2017)

5 UNITED STATES METAL 3D PRINTER SALES BY APPLICATION (2012-2017)

5.1 United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) and Market Share by Applications (2012-2017)
5.2 United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Growth Rate (%) (%) by Applications (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES METAL 3D PRINTER PLAYERS/MANUFACTURERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 EOS GmbH
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Metal 3D Printer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 EOS GmbH Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Concept Laser GmbH
  6.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.2.2 Metal 3D Printer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Concept Laser GmbH Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 SLM
  6.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.3.2 Metal 3D Printer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 SLM Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 3D Systems
  6.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.4.2 Metal 3D Printer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 3D Systems Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Arcam AB
  6.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.5.2 Metal 3D Printer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Arcam AB Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 ReaLizer
  6.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.6.2 Metal 3D Printer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 ReaLizer Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Renishaw
  6.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.7.2 Metal 3D Printer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Renishaw Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Exone
  6.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.8.2 Metal 3D Printer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Exone Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Wuhan Binhu
  6.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.9.2 Metal 3D Printer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Wuhan Binhu Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Bright Laser Technologies
  6.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.10.2 Metal 3D Printer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Bright Laser Technologies Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Huake 3D
6.12 Syndaya

7 METAL 3D PRINTER MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Metal 3D Printer Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Metal 3D Printer

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Metal 3D Printer Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Metal 3D Printer Major Players/Manufacturers in 2015
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES METAL 3D PRINTER MARKET SIZE (SALES AND REVENUE) FORECAST (2017-2022)

11.1 United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD) Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCE

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Global and United States Market Size (Million USD) Comparison 2012-2022
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) and Revenue (Million USD) Market Split by Product Type
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) by Application (2016-2022)
Figure Picture of Metal 3D Printer
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%) Comparison by Types (Product Category) (2012-2022)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Volume Market Share by Types (Product Category) in 2016
Figure DMLS Product Picture
Figure DMP Product Picture
Figure EBM Product Picture
Figure LFM Product Picture
Figure 3DP Product Picture
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sales Market Share (%) of Metal 3D Printer by Applications in 2016
Figure Automotive Industry Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Automotive Industry
Figure Aerospace Industry Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Aerospace Industry
Figure Healthcare & Dental Industry Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Healthcare & Dental Industry
Figure Academic Institutions Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Academic Institutions
Figure Others Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Others
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Market Size (Million USD) Comparison by Regions (2012-2022)
Figure The West Metal 3D Printer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest Metal 3D Printer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Metal 3D Printer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure New England Metal 3D Printer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The South of US Metal 3D Printer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Midwest Metal 3D Printer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2022)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Sales of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Figure 2017 United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Revenue by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Metal 3D Printer Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Figure 2017 United States Metal 3D Printer Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Table United States Market Metal 3D Printer Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Figure United States Market Metal 3D Printer Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers in 2016
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Market Share of Top 3 Players/Manufacturers
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Market Share of Top 5 Players/Manufacturers
Table United States Players/Manufacturers Metal 3D Printer Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Manufacturers Metal 3D Printer Product Category
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) by Regions (2012-2017)
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Market Share (%) by Regions in 2016
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Regions (2012-2017)
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions in 2016
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Price (USD/Unit) by Regions (2012-2017)
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Market Share (%) by Type in 2016
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Revenue Market Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Metal 3D Printer by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Metal 3D Printer by Type in 2016
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Growth Rate (%) (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) by Applications (2012-2017)
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Market Share (%) by Applications (2012-2017)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Market Share (%) by Applications (2012-2017)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Market Share (%) by Applications in 2016
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Growth Rate (%) (%) by Applications (2012-2017)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Growth Rate (%) by Applications (2012-2017)
Table EOS GmbH Basic Information List
Table EOS GmbH Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
Figure EOS GmbH Metal 3D Printer Sales Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017)
Figure EOS GmbH Metal 3D Printer Sales Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Figure EOS GmbH Metal 3D Printer Revenue Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Table Concept Laser GmbH Basic Information List
Table Concept Laser GmbH Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
Figure Concept Laser GmbH Metal 3D Printer Sales Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017)
Figure Concept Laser GmbH Metal 3D Printer Sales Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Figure Concept Laser GmbH Metal 3D Printer Revenue Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Table SLM Basic Information List
Table SLM Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
Figure SLM Metal 3D Printer Sales Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017)
Figure SLM Metal 3D Printer Sales Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Figure SLM Metal 3D Printer Revenue Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Table 3D Systems Basic Information List
Table 3D Systems Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
Figure 3D Systems Metal 3D Printer Sales Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017)
Figure 3D Systems Metal 3D Printer Sales Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Figure 3D Systems Metal 3D Printer Revenue Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Table Arcam AB Basic Information List
Table Arcam AB Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
Figure Arcam AB Metal 3D Printer Sales Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017)
Figure Arcam AB Metal 3D Printer Sales Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Figure Arcam AB Metal 3D Printer Revenue Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Table ReaLizer Basic Information List
Table ReaLizer Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
Figure ReaLizer Metal 3D Printer Sales Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017)
Figure ReaLizer Metal 3D Printer Sales Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Figure ReaLizer Metal 3D Printer Revenue Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Table Renishaw Basic Information List
Table Renishaw Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
Figure Renishaw Metal 3D Printer Sales Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017)
Figure Renishaw Metal 3D Printer Sales Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Figure Renishaw Metal 3D Printer Revenue Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Table Exone Basic Information List
Table Exone Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
Figure Exone Metal 3D Printer Sales Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017)
Figure Exone Metal 3D Printer Sales Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Figure Exone Metal 3D Printer Revenue Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Table Wuhan Binhu Basic Information List
Table Wuhan Binhu Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
Figure Wuhan Binhu Metal 3D Printer Sales Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017)
Figure Wuhan Binhu Metal 3D Printer Sales Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Figure Wuhan Binhu Metal 3D Printer Revenue Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Table Bright Laser Technologies Basic Information List
Table Bright Laser Technologies Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017)
Figure Bright Laser Technologies Metal 3D Printer Sales Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017)
Figure Bright Laser Technologies Metal 3D Printer Sales Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Figure Bright Laser Technologies Metal 3D Printer Revenue Market Share (%) in US (2012-2017)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Metal 3D Printer
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Metal 3D Printer
Figure Metal 3D Printer Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Metal 3D Printer Major Players/Manufacturers in 2015
Table Major Buyers of Metal 3D Printer
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Type in 2022
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application in 2022
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Sales (K Units) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)
Table United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)
Figure United States Metal 3D Printer Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources