2015-2019 World Hepatitis Markers Testing Market: Supplier Shares, Country Forecasts, Innovative Technologies, Competitive Strategies, Opportunities for Suppliers - France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, UK, US
The report presents a detailed analysis of the Hepatitis diagnostics market in the US, Europe, (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK) and Japan. Current scientific views on the Hepatitis definition, epidemiology and etiology are reviewed. The report provides the 5-year test volume and sales forecasts by country for HAV NAT, HBV NAT, HBs Ag, HCV, Anti-HBc, Anti-HBs, Anti-HAV, Hepatitis Delta, HBc Ag, HBe Ag, and ALT/SGPT tests performed in the following markets:
Also, the report examines the market applications of DNA Probes, Monoclonal Antibodies, Immunoassays, IT and other technologies; reviews features and operating characteristics of automated analyzers; profiles leading suppliers and recent market entrants developing innovative technologies and products; and identifies emerging business expansion opportunities, alternative market penetration strategies, market entry barriers and risks, and strategic planning issues and concerns.
Contains 320 pages and 93 tables
- Hospitals
- Commercial/Private Labs
- Blood Banks
- Physician Offices
- Public Health Labs
Also, the report examines the market applications of DNA Probes, Monoclonal Antibodies, Immunoassays, IT and other technologies; reviews features and operating characteristics of automated analyzers; profiles leading suppliers and recent market entrants developing innovative technologies and products; and identifies emerging business expansion opportunities, alternative market penetration strategies, market entry barriers and risks, and strategic planning issues and concerns.
Contains 320 pages and 93 tables
I. INTRODUCTION
II. HEPATITIS WORLDWIDE MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
A. Background
B. Hepatitis A
C. Hepatitis B
D. Hepatitis C
Classification
Transmission of Infection
Occupational Hazards
Acute Hepatitis
Diagnosis of Acute Infection
Chronic Hepatitis
HCV and Other Chronic Liver Diseases
Alcoholic Liver Disease
Hepatitis B Coinfection
Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Diagnostic Tests
Possible Indications for HCV RNA Testing
Conclusions and Future Direction
E. Hepatitis D
Historical Perspective
Epidemiology
HBV-HDV 'Coinfection' vs. 'Superinfection'
Methods of Detecting HDV
Prevention
F. Hepatitis E
Background
Prevalence of the Disease
Diagnostic Tests
Epidemiologic Serosurveys
Serologic Cross-Reactivity
G. Hepatitis G
Vaccines and Drugs
H. Instrumentation Review of Leading Analyzers Marketed by Abbott, Beckman Coulter/Danaher, BioMerieux, Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Roche, Siemens, Tosoh, Wallac and Other Suppliers
I. Emerging Diagnostic Technologies
1. Molecular Diagnostics
2. Monoclonal Antibodies
3. Immunoassays
4. Differential Light Scattering
5. Information Technology
6. Artificial Intelligence
7. Liposomes
8. Flow Cytometry
9. Chromatography
10. Diagnostic Imaging
11. Gel Microdroplets
12. Other
III. FRANCE: MARKET SIZE, GROWTH AND MAJOR SUPPLIERS’ SALES AND MARKET SHARES
IV. GERMANY: MARKET SIZE, GROWTH AND MAJOR SUPPLIERS’ SALES AND MARKET SHARES
V. ITALY: MARKET SIZE, GROWTH AND MAJOR SUPPLIERS’ SALES AND MARKET SHARES
VI. JAPAN: MARKET SIZE, GROWTH AND MAJOR SUPPLIERS’ SALES AND MARKET SHARES
VII. SPAIN: MARKET SIZE, GROWTH AND MAJOR SUPPLIERS’ SALES AND MARKET SHARES
VIII. UK: MARKET SIZE, GROWTH AND MAJOR SUPPLIERS’ SALES AND MARKET SHARES
IX. USA: MARKET SIZE, GROWTH AND MAJOR SUPPLIERS’ SALES AND MARKET SHARES
X. ALTERNATIVE MARKET PENETRATION STRATEGIES
A. Internal Development
B. Collaborative Arrangements
C. University Contracts
D. Distribution Strategies for Decentralized Testing Markets
1. Marketing Approaches
2. Product Complexity
3. Customer Preference
4. Established Suppliers
5. Emerging Suppliers
6. Major Types of Distributors
7. Market Segmentation
XI. POTENTIAL MARKET ENTRY BARRIERS AND RISKS
A. Market Maturity
B. Cost Containment
C. Competition
D. Technological Edge and Limitations
E. Patent Protection
F. Regulatory Constraints
G. Decentralized Testing Market Challenges
XII. COMPETITIVE ASSESSMENTS
Abbott
Affymetrix
Beckman Coulter/Danaher
Becton Dickinson
bioMerieux
Bio-Rad
Cepheid
Diamedix
DiaSorin
Eiken Chemical
Enzo Biochem
Fujirebio
Gen-Probe
Hologic
ID Biomedical
Innogenetics/Solvay
Kreatech
Life Technology
Lonza
Nanogen/Elitech
Novartis Diagnostics
Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics
Qiagen
Roche
Scienion
Sequenom
SeraCare
Siemens
Takara Bio
Thermo Fisher
Wallac
Wako
II. HEPATITIS WORLDWIDE MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
A. Background
B. Hepatitis A
C. Hepatitis B
D. Hepatitis C
Classification
Transmission of Infection
Occupational Hazards
Acute Hepatitis
Diagnosis of Acute Infection
Chronic Hepatitis
HCV and Other Chronic Liver Diseases
Alcoholic Liver Disease
Hepatitis B Coinfection
Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Diagnostic Tests
Possible Indications for HCV RNA Testing
Conclusions and Future Direction
E. Hepatitis D
Historical Perspective
Epidemiology
HBV-HDV 'Coinfection' vs. 'Superinfection'
Methods of Detecting HDV
Prevention
F. Hepatitis E
Background
Prevalence of the Disease
Diagnostic Tests
Epidemiologic Serosurveys
Serologic Cross-Reactivity
G. Hepatitis G
Vaccines and Drugs
H. Instrumentation Review of Leading Analyzers Marketed by Abbott, Beckman Coulter/Danaher, BioMerieux, Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Roche, Siemens, Tosoh, Wallac and Other Suppliers
I. Emerging Diagnostic Technologies
1. Molecular Diagnostics
2. Monoclonal Antibodies
3. Immunoassays
4. Differential Light Scattering
5. Information Technology
6. Artificial Intelligence
7. Liposomes
8. Flow Cytometry
9. Chromatography
10. Diagnostic Imaging
11. Gel Microdroplets
12. Other
III. FRANCE: MARKET SIZE, GROWTH AND MAJOR SUPPLIERS’ SALES AND MARKET SHARES
IV. GERMANY: MARKET SIZE, GROWTH AND MAJOR SUPPLIERS’ SALES AND MARKET SHARES
V. ITALY: MARKET SIZE, GROWTH AND MAJOR SUPPLIERS’ SALES AND MARKET SHARES
VI. JAPAN: MARKET SIZE, GROWTH AND MAJOR SUPPLIERS’ SALES AND MARKET SHARES
VII. SPAIN: MARKET SIZE, GROWTH AND MAJOR SUPPLIERS’ SALES AND MARKET SHARES
VIII. UK: MARKET SIZE, GROWTH AND MAJOR SUPPLIERS’ SALES AND MARKET SHARES
IX. USA: MARKET SIZE, GROWTH AND MAJOR SUPPLIERS’ SALES AND MARKET SHARES
X. ALTERNATIVE MARKET PENETRATION STRATEGIES
A. Internal Development
B. Collaborative Arrangements
C. University Contracts
D. Distribution Strategies for Decentralized Testing Markets
1. Marketing Approaches
2. Product Complexity
3. Customer Preference
4. Established Suppliers
5. Emerging Suppliers
6. Major Types of Distributors
7. Market Segmentation
XI. POTENTIAL MARKET ENTRY BARRIERS AND RISKS
A. Market Maturity
B. Cost Containment
C. Competition
D. Technological Edge and Limitations
E. Patent Protection
F. Regulatory Constraints
G. Decentralized Testing Market Challenges
XII. COMPETITIVE ASSESSMENTS
Abbott
Affymetrix
Beckman Coulter/Danaher
Becton Dickinson
bioMerieux
Bio-Rad
Cepheid
Diamedix
DiaSorin
Eiken Chemical
Enzo Biochem
Fujirebio
Gen-Probe
Hologic
ID Biomedical
Innogenetics/Solvay
Kreatech
Life Technology
Lonza
Nanogen/Elitech
Novartis Diagnostics
Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics
Qiagen
Roche
Scienion
Sequenom
SeraCare
Siemens
Takara Bio
Thermo Fisher
Wallac
Wako
LIST OF TABLES
Major Companies Developing or Marketing Hepatitis Tests
France HAV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France HBV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France HBs Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France Hepatitis C Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France Anti-HBc Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France Anti-HBs Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France Anti-HAV Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France Hepatitis Delta Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France HBc Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France HBe Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France ALT/SGPT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France Hepatitis Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
France Hepatitis C Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
Germany HAV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany HBV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany HBs Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany Hepatitis C Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany Anti-HBc Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany Anti-HBs Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany Anti-HAV Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany Hepatitis Delta Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany HBc Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany HBe Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany ALT/SGPT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany Hepatitis Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
Germany Hepatitis C Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
Italy HAV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy HBV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy HBs Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy Hepatitis C Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy Anti-HBc Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy Anti-HBs Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy Anti-HAV Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy Hepatitis Delta Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy HBc Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy HBe Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy ALT/SGPT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy Hepatitis Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
Italy Hepatitis C Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
Japan
HAV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
HBV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
HBs Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
Hepatitis C Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
Anti-HBc Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
Anti-HBs Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
Anti-HAV Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
Hepatitis Delta Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
Hbc Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
Hbe Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
ALT/SGPT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
Hepatitis Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
Japan
Hepatitis C Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
Spain HAV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain HBV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain Hbs Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain Hepatitis C Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain Anti-HBc Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain Anti-HBs Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain Anti-HAV Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain Hepatitis Delta Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain Hbc Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain Hbe Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain ALT/SGPT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain Hepatitis Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
Spain Hepatitis C Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
U.K. HAV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. HBV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. Hbs Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. Hepatitis C Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. Anti-HBc Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. Anti-HBs Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. Anti-HAV Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. Hepatitis Delta Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. HBc Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. HBe Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. ALT/SGPT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. Hepatitis Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
U.K. Hepatitis C Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
U.S.A
HAV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A
HBV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. HBs Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. Hepatitis C Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. Anti-HBc Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. Anti-HBs Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. Anti-HAV Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. Hepatitis Delta Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. HBc Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. HBe Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. ALT/SGPT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. Hepatitis Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
U.S.A. Hepatitis C Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
Major Companies Developing or Marketing Hepatitis Tests
France HAV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France HBV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France HBs Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France Hepatitis C Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France Anti-HBc Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France Anti-HBs Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France Anti-HAV Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France Hepatitis Delta Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France HBc Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France HBe Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France ALT/SGPT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
France Hepatitis Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
France Hepatitis C Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
Germany HAV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany HBV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany HBs Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany Hepatitis C Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany Anti-HBc Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany Anti-HBs Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany Anti-HAV Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany Hepatitis Delta Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany HBc Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany HBe Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany ALT/SGPT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Germany Hepatitis Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
Germany Hepatitis C Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
Italy HAV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy HBV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy HBs Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy Hepatitis C Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy Anti-HBc Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy Anti-HBs Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy Anti-HAV Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy Hepatitis Delta Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy HBc Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy HBe Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy ALT/SGPT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Italy Hepatitis Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
Italy Hepatitis C Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
Japan
HAV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
HBV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
HBs Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
Hepatitis C Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
Anti-HBc Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
Anti-HBs Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
Anti-HAV Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
Hepatitis Delta Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
Hbc Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
Hbe Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
ALT/SGPT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Japan
Hepatitis Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
Japan
Hepatitis C Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
Spain HAV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain HBV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain Hbs Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain Hepatitis C Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain Anti-HBc Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain Anti-HBs Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain Anti-HAV Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain Hepatitis Delta Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain Hbc Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain Hbe Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain ALT/SGPT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
Spain Hepatitis Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
Spain Hepatitis C Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
U.K. HAV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. HBV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. Hbs Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. Hepatitis C Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. Anti-HBc Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. Anti-HBs Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. Anti-HAV Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. Hepatitis Delta Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. HBc Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. HBe Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. ALT/SGPT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.K. Hepatitis Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
U.K. Hepatitis C Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
U.S.A
HAV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A
HBV NAT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. HBs Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. Hepatitis C Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. Anti-HBc Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. Anti-HBs Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. Anti-HAV Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. Hepatitis Delta Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. HBc Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. HBe Ag Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. ALT/SGPT Test Volume and Diagnostics Sales Forecast by Market Segment
U.S.A. Hepatitis Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier
U.S.A. Hepatitis C Testing Market Diagnostics Sales by Major Supplier